vickyxush

Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden, is reportedly where the pirates get most of their weapons from. A significant amount is also bought directly from the Somali capital, Mogadishu. Enlarge Image Observers say Mogadishu weapon dealers receive deposits for orders via a "hawala" company - an informal money transfer system based on honour. Militiamen then drive the arms north to the pirates in Puntland, where they are paid the balance on delivery. It has been reported in the past that wealthy businessmen in Dubai were financing the pirates. But the BBC's Somali Service says these days it is the businessmen asking the pirates for loans. Such success is a great attraction for Puntland's youngsters, who have little hope of alternative careers in the war-torn country. Once a pirate makes his fortune, he tends to take on a second and third wife - often very young women from poor nomadic clans, who are renowned for their beauty. But not everyone is smitten by Somalia's new elite. "This piracy has a negative impact on several aspects of our life in Garowe," resident Mohamed Hassan laments. He cites an escalating lack of security because "hundreds of armed men" are coming to join the pirates. They don't call themselves pirates. They call themselves coastguards Garowe resident Abdulkadil Mohamed They have made life more expensive for ordinary people because they "pump huge amounts of US dollars" into the local economy which results in fluctuations in the exchange rate, he says. Their lifestyle also makes some unhappy. "They promote the use of drugs - chewing khat [a stimulant which keeps one alert] and smoking hashish - and alcohol," Mr Hassan says. The trappings of success may be new, but piracy has been a problem in Somali waters for at least 10 years - when Somali fishermen began losing their livelihoods. Their traditional fishing methods were no match for the illegal trawlers that were raiding their waters. Piracy initially started along Somalia's southern coast but began shifting north in 2007 - and as a result, the pirate gangs in the Gulf of Aden are now multi-clan operations. But Garowe resident Abdulkadil Mohamed says, they do not see themselves as pirates. "Illegal fishing is the root cause of the piracy problem," he says. "They call themselves coastguards."

 "They have money; they have power and they are getting stronger by the day," says Abdi Farah Juha who lives in the regional capital, Garowe. The crew on MV Faina are reportedly being well-looked after "They wed the most beautiful girls; they are building big houses; they have new cars; new guns," he says. "Piracy in many ways is socially acceptable. They have become fashionable." Most of them are aged between 20 and 35 years - in it for the money. And the rewards they receive are rich in a country where almost half the population need food aid after 17 years of non-stop conflict. Most vessels captured in the busy shipping lanes of the Gulf of Aden fetch on average a ransom of $2m. This is why their hostages are well looked after. The BBC's reporter in Puntland, Ahmed Mohamed Ali, says it also explains the tight operation the pirates run. They are never seen fighting because the promise of money keeps them together. Wounded pirates are seldom seen and our reporter says he has never heard of residents along Puntland's coast finding a body washed ashore. Given Somalia's history of clan warfare, this is quite a feat. It probably explains why a report of a deadly shoot-out amongst the pirates onboard the MV Faina was denied by the vessel's hijackers. Pirate spokesman Sugule Ali told the BBC Somali Service at the time: "Everybody is happy. We were firing guns to celebrate Eid." Brains, muscle and geeks The MV Faina was initially attacked by a gang of 62 men. BBC Somalia analyst Mohamed Mohamed says such pirate gangs are usually made up of three different types: Ex-fishermen, who are considered the brains of the operation because they know the sea Ex-militiamen, who are considered the muscle - having fought for various Somali clan warlords The technical experts, who are the computer geeks and know how to operate the hi-tech equipment needed to operate as a pirate - satellite phones, GPS and military hardware. The three groups share the ever-increasing illicit profits - ransoms paid in cash by the shipping companies. A report by UK think-tank Chatham House says piracy off the coast of Somalia has cost up to $30m (£17m) in ransoms so far this year. The study also notes that the pirates are becoming more aggressive and assertive - something the initial $22m ransom demanded for MV Faina proves. The asking price has apparently since fallen to $8m.

An out-line of the event or sport A brief out line of basketball is it is a game played with a pumped round ball between two teams of five players each on a rectangular court. In professional or minor competition basketball is usually played indoors, but it does not need to be. Each team tries to score by shooting the ball through the other teams goal at each end of the court, above their heads. The goal is a round hoop and net called a basket. The team scoring the most such throws, through field goals or foul shots, wins the game. Equipment used You do not need a lot of equipment to play basketball all you need is a basketball, a court and one or two basketball rings. The basketball court is in a shape of a rectangle ranging in size from about 29 m by 15 m to about 22 m by 13 m. At each end of the court is a backboard placed behind the ring, measuring usually about 2 m by 1 m, this is also in a rectangular shape although in some collages in America it is more in a shape of this. Each normal rectangular backboard is about 2.7 m (about 9 ft) above the court. The baskets are attached firmly to the backboards about 3 m (about 10 ft) above the playing surface. Each basket is about 46 cm (about 18 in) in diameter and consists of a round hoop, or metal ring, from which a wide-meshed white net is hung. The regulation basketball is an inflated, leather- or nylon-covered sphere that weighs from 567 to 624 g (20 to 22 oz.) and has a circumference of about 76-cm (about 30 in). What is involved A conventional basketball team, which is directed by a coach, is made up of two forwards, two guards, and a center. The two forwards are usually the better of the shooters and are really quick. In the jump they both stand between the circle and the opponents basket. The two guards stand in the backcourt. The center, usually the tallest player on the team who stands inside a circle that has a radius of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and is located midway along a line painted across the center of the court. The game commences with the tip-off, when the referee tosses the ball into the air over the center circle, in which the opposing centers stand face to face. The centers then leap into the air and attempt, with their hands, to tap the ball to their teammates. The team that gets the ball attempts to advance it toward the basket defended by the opposing side, in order to try for a field goal, or basket, scoring two or three points, depending on the player's distance from the basket. A player may advance the ball by passing it to a teammate or by bouncing (dribbling) it continually along the floor while running toward the basket. After a basket is scored, the opposing team puts the ball into play from behind its end line and in turn tries to move the ball upcourt to score. How is the game structured in the Olympics In the Olympics basketball the Officials consist of a referee, one or two umpires, one or two scorekeepers, and one or two timekeepers. The referee is in charge of the game. The referee and umpires operate on the court to ensure that the game is played by the rules. They both can call any foul or violation they see anywhere on the court. Usually, one official operates near the offensive team's basket and the other near the division line. The officials reverse positions when the teams move to the other end of the court. If a second umpire is used, he or she stands near a sideline. To call a violation or foul, the official blows a whistle to stop play and the clock. The official explains the violation or foul, usually with a hand or arm signal, and enforces the penalty. The game then resumes. Because around the world basketball has little changes from one country to the other when the Olympics are played some one has to make the decisions on how it is going to be played. No matter how the rules are decided it would not be much of a change from where ever the basketball players have come from to make it difficult to play. In the Olympics the games is set out as one big knock out game to decide who plays in the finals to become number one in the world. All the teams have to try not to get kicked out by loosing games while trying to knock the other teams out of the competition. Which leaves the basketball players with an enormous amount of pressure on them. Basic Rules The basic rules to basketball are fouls, travelling, double dribbling, the three second violation, foot violation and finally out of bounds. To get a foul in basketball you are usually hit or pushed in some way by the opposing side. To travell in basketball you will either take to many steps before bouncing the ball, or after bouncing and stopping you start to bounce the ball again. To double dribble you must jump in the air with the ball in your hands and land again with out passing or shooting the ball. Someone playing offence and staying in the key for longer than three seconds or more causes the three-second violation. Foot violation in exactly what it sounds like, it is a violation made by someone kicking the ball. Last but not least is going over the boundary line with the ball. All of these things are not allowed in basketball and I should know as I play in real competition. For almost all off the rules the referees have made some kind of body signal to tell everyone what just happened with out yelling it so everyone can hear. Below you can see some of the following signs the referees make. When it began in the Olympics The success of international basketball was greatly advanced by Forrest C. Allen, a Naismith disciple and a former coach at the University of Kansas, who led the movement for inclusion of basketball in the Olympic Games in 1936 and from then onwards. Details of any Australians who has competed at the Olympics in this event One Australian basketball player who has not only participated in one Olympics is Andrew Gaze. Andrew Gaze has played with the Melbourne Tigers for his whole carrier in the National Basketball League the NBL. At one stage of his long and successful carrier he decided to up grade him self by competing in the National Basketball Association the NBA. This did not really work out for him so he came back to Australia and continued playing with the Melbourne Tigers. To say the most I think a lot of his fans and also his team preferred it this way. Andrew Gaze is more of a offensive player as he is known for his pure shooting skills as his was voted best pure shooter in 1994 yet did not get a single vote for his defense. Changes that have occurred over time Changes in the Game. Soon after Naismith invented basketball, changes were adopted to improve the sport. In 1893, metal hoops with net bags attached replaced the wooden baskets. Officials pulled a cord attached to the net to let the ball drop out. Baskets with bottomless nets came into general use about 1913. The backboard was introduced in 1894. That year, larger balls replaced soccer balls. In 1932, the 10-second rule was adopted. This rule stated that the offensive team must advance the ball across the division line within 10 seconds or lose possession. Once the ball crossed the line, the offensive team lost possession if a player took the ball back over the line. This rule eliminated wasting time with the ball in the backcourt. Until 1937, a center jump was held after every field goal. Beginning in 1937, the defensive team received the ball out-of-bounds after a field goal. In 1935, a rule was adopted that stopped any offensive player from standing in the free throw lane for more than three seconds. In 1955, the foul lane was widened to 12 feet (3.7 meters) from the previous 6 feet (1.83 meters). These changes resulted in more offensive movement and less rough physical contact near the basket. Early basketball had little scoring. Players basically used two shots; the lay-up and a two-handed set shot. Hank Luisetti revolutionized the game by popularizing a one-handed shot. Luisetti was a star for Stanford University from 1935 to 1938. His one-handed shot could be released quicker than the two-handed shot and was more difficult to defend. The one-handed shot was the most popular shot in basketball until Joe Fulks popularized the jump shot. The jump shot became the most popular shot in basketball and greatly increased scoring. Any other interesting facts James Naismith, a Canadian, invented basketball in 1891. Naismith was a physical-education instructor at the School for Christian Workers (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. Luther H. Gulick, head of the school's physical-education department, asked Naismith to create a team sport that could be played indoors during the winter. For his new game, Naismith decided to use a soccer ball because it was large enough to catch easily. He then asked the building superintendent for two boxes to use as goals. The superintendent had no boxes but provided two peach baskets. The baskets were attached to a gymnasium balcony railing 10 feet (3 meters) above the floor. The first game took place between members of Naismith's physical-education class in December 1891. Details of successful international competitors The most successful international competitors these days and for the last so many years is the American basketball team and for the last three Olympics known as the Dream Team. The American team is not only the best in the world it also the most popular as it is known right round the world. The reason for winning basketball in the Olympic game is because of the great players like Michael Jordan, Karl Malone, Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, John Stockton, Scottie Pippen, Hakeem Olajuwon, Charles Barkley, David Robinson and so many more what do you expect. Another country that always does well in the Olympics is Yugoslavia. Just the last Olympics they came second in the world loosing against America. Yugoslavia might have a little bit more experience then some other countries lets say us, because players like Toni Kukoc have played for the NBA with the Chicago Bulls for some of his carrier and been able to go no and have great success. If it weren't for Americas team, Yugoslavia would be the best team in the world now until proven different. Details of any Olympic record holders or current Gold medallists Unlike swimming or running basketball is not a sport that tries to break records, as its only objective is to win the finals. The only true record holders could be America as they have won in the Olympics in a row for the longest time ever. Longer then any other country has yet proven. To tell you the truth I don't think any one will ever either.

The Olympic Games are an international sports competition. In the Olympics, athletes play in many types of games. Some athletes compete in the Summer Olympics. Some compete in the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Games are very old and have a very interesting history. The first Olympic Games were held in Greece in ancient times. They probably began in the sixth century B.C. The contests are held every four years in the summer. The first games lasted for only one day. There was only one contest. It was a short race. Only Greek men were allowed to run in the race. Women were not allowed to watch the games either, or to be anywhere near the gaming area. Other events were added later, swimming. But the ancient games were stopped in the fourth century, A.D., when Greece was ruled by Rome. The Olympics were started again in the nineteenth century, after Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, who later being recognized as the Father of Modern Olympics, suggested that it would be good to have the game again, but not just for Greek People. De Coubertin organized a meeting in 1894. Representatives from nine countries went to the meeting in Paris. They agreed to start the Olympic Games again in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The Olympic Games have been held every four years since 1896. Three times, the games were not held because of a world war. There were no games in 1916, 1940, and 1944. The first competition in modern times was held in Athens, but not all of the games have been held there. The Olympic Games are held in many different cities around the world. The 2008 Olympic will be held in Beijing, China. Baron de Coubertin also started a committee to run the Olympics. This committee is called the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It has offices in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Committee has made many decisions that affect the modern Olympics. In 1912, the Committee decided to allow women to compete. In 1924, a second group of games was begun. These new games were played in the winter of each Olympic year. The IOC also makes the rules for athletes in the Olympics. The events and games of the Olympics are of several different types. There are individual contests, where each athlete plays alone. To win this type of contests, one athlete must be better, faster, or stronger than other athletes. In a second group of events and games, three or four athletes work as a group. These contests are, for example, the relay races, mixed doubles badminton, etc. In a third group of games, teams from each country compete in sports. The teams play games such as basketball, soccer, volleyball, etc. For an athlete, winning in the Olympics is a great achievement. The games are not easy to win, whether in the Summer Olympics or in the Winter Olympics. The goal of Olympic athletes is expressed in their motto, “Swifter, higher, stronger.” By undergoing the stress and strain of tough competition, they grow in strength, endurance, discipline. They learn to respect and to cooperate with people from many nations. Each Olympics year, their creed reminds them that the most important thing in the Games is not winning, but participating. The Oath they take binds them to abide by the rules of the Olympic Games, “in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our country.”

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the theme of loyalty within “Fever Pitch” and how Nick Hornby does so by use of humour, characterisation and setting. The genre of this novel is that of humour. “Fever Pitch” is a book that has no chapters but a series of match reports that fall into three time frames within the authors life – childhood, adolescence and manhood. The time span ranges from 1968 to 1992 The novel is an autobiography about the author, Nick Hornby, a memoir of a life devoted to Arsenal Football Club. However, it is also a book which deals with “rights of passage” within the authors life. Hornby begins the book in the year 1968, the year he turned eleven. This was the year in which his parents separated, and the year that his father took him to watch Arsenal play for the first time. His father had initially hoped that Saturday afternoon would draw him and his son closer together, but instead Hornby became obsessed with the game and all hope of conversation was lost. As the reader progresses through the novel, the reader realises that Hornby allows football to dominate his life, loves and relationships, and ends with Nick Hornby realising how obsessed he actually had become with the game. Throughout the novel, Nick Hornby writes in the first person narrative as “Fever Pitch” is an account of the authors life. At the beginning of the book, he uses the flashback technique as he reflects on his life so far. I believe Nick Hornby to be the protagonist within the novel. He tells the story retrospectively, that is after he has lived through it. This retrospective narrator knows more than the reader and so is in a position of irony in relation to the events of the story. Characterisation plays a very important part within the novel, and the only character the reader really learns about is the author himself. The reader learns about all his thoughts throughout his life such as his social status as a working class person and his missed opportunities of a normal family life. As time progresses throughout the novel, so does the authors personality and the reader can see the change that has been made from childhood to manhood. One such change within him is when he realises how obsesses he has actually become with football. When he is in adolescence, he sees nothing wrong with being obsessed with football and he feels that he can control his obsession. Although throughout the book, there is evidence that this is not the case. At the end of the book, he realises that his obsession has gone too far and that his life has never changed, he has only lived according to the way that Arsenal had played. Hornby writes, “It was strange trying to write about how miserable most of my footballing life had been….my whole life flashed before my eyes. A nil-nil draw against a nothing team, in a meaningless game…” In the book, Arsenal becomes a metaphor for life. I feel that his description by Hornby is important to the theme of loyalty, as he had remained loyal to the team, devoting his entire life to supporting it. Through the perspective of Nick Hornby, the reader is shown how Arsenal affects his life in many different ways. Nick Hornby uses narrative techniques and vivid descriptions to describe his feelings throughout the novel. There are many examples of his happy and sad feelings throughout the book. One such quotation describes the way that Hornby feels about going out with his father, “I didn’t want to do anything at all. None of this was intended to punish my father for his absence: I really thought that I would be happy to go anywhere with him, apart from every single place I could think of” On the positive side, Hornby describes his girlfriend at a football match and how she found it funny to watch the immediate kneejerk reaction of standing up by fans to a goal being scored in the game. I feel that Hornby looks to Arsenal as a surrogate father, carrying him through disappointment and achievement in his life; suspicious by its absence at crucial times, but there to cheer him up when all looks bleak in his life. Arsenal provides comfort and security to Hornby and this is shown when he describes his thoughts on going to University. “In truth I was scared of the place, and my football, my childhood comforter, my security blanket, was a way of coping with it all” Within the novel, Hornby uses Hyperbole to describe how he feels about his team losing. I feel that this is effective in conveying the theme of loyalty as it helps me identify with Hornby in the way he feels. “I was back with the feeling, much deeper and more frightening this time, that I was chained to the club forever, and thus to this miserable half-life, forever. I was stunned and exhausted by the result” This shows how he has so much loyalty, that one defeat such as this, can change his life dramatically, and change his mood to one of depression, by merely losing a football game. This made me think of how strongly he must feel for his club and how much the team means to him and his life. Another important element used within the characterisation of this novel is that of humour. Hornby takes the serious subject matter of his life and deals with it in a humorous way, so as to lighten the tone and mood of the book and create a positive atmosphere for the reader. In a humorous way, Nick Hornby again conveys the theme of loyalty by showing how everything in his life plays second to football. He imagines that, “even if a girlfriend was to go into labour at an impossible moment in the game, I wouldn’t be able to help her out until the final whistle” In this quotation, Nick Hornby uses Hyperbole again to show exaggeration. I believe this to be humorous as he proffers the question – would he leave someone in such a state and continue to watch the game? Surely nobody would be that obsessed?. There are many other ways in which Hornby uses humour in the book. In the following quotation, Hornby uses a simile to describe a fan, “we all remember the large bearded man, the one who looked like Pavarotti”. In using these techniques, the reader can be more involved in the book and enjoy this sense of humour. Setting plays a very important part within “Fever Pitch”. Setting may be used to create a sense of realism or to create a mood within a book. Setting may also have a coded significance, and different situations can be constructed through its use. Setting can be used to compare and contrast and add significance to a story, which I feel is demonstrated in the novel. The title of the novel also contributes a great deal to the novel as a whole. “Fever Pitch” is a phrase that describes a very intense atmosphere whereby tension has been created. Nick Hornby has deliberately named the book this as it can be used as a metaphor for the feelings and the atmosphere felt inside the football stadium. It may also symbolise the influence that football had on his life choices and his view of the world. Fever Pitch is also a play on words, the use of the word pitch, as in football pitch, and fever as in excited. These techniques contribute to making the novel exciting and appealing to the reader. Nick Hornby uses imagery when he describing the fans and himself when he describes what happened after a winning goal had been scored by Arsenal. “I was lying flat out on the floor, and everyone was jumping on top of me. Eighteen years, all forgotten in a second” He then describes the fans reactions in and out of the stadium, “I could hear whoops and screams from pubs and shops and houses all around me…some sitting on top of tooting cars, everyone embracing strangers at every opportunity…” In this last quotation, Hornby uses onomatopoeia with the words “whoops” and “tooting”, so to allow the reader to imagine the sounds heard at that time in the book. In my opinion, I believe that Hornby expresses the feeling felt within the stadium at the time, making it both real and vivid to the reader. Using imagery, sound and descriptive language makes the book more enjoyable as the reader can be part of the story also. In this essay I have shown how Hornby uses characterisation, humour and setting to convey the theme of loyalty to the reader within the book “Fever Pitch”. He conveys his feelings and viewpoints throughout the book, exploring his obsessions, crises and weaknesses throughout his life. The book explores the nature of his obsessions and uses his feelings to explore questions of his masculinity, growing up and looks at the effect obsession and loyalty can have on a person.

The Basics The golf swing is sort of an awkward motion that can only be mastered in time and with practice. A person usually cannot pick up a golf club for the first time and swing it with perfection. One thing to remember is that there is not an ideal swing for everyone. A beginner or someone who already plays golf must develop his or her own swing from the basic fundamentals of golf. Even the pros that seem to play the game so well do not all have the same swing. Their swings have been transformed from their own experience and help from instructors or fellow competitors. The following tips should give you some helpful tips about the basics of the golf swing. Without question the golf swing is one of the most important aspects about the game of golf. The golf swing can be divided into many categories but there are three main categories that stand out: the setup, the backswing, and the downswing. All of these aspects are equally important. Having the proper golf swing does not just increase your ability in the game, but also your enjoyment. For the sake of time, the only aspect of the setup I will talk about is the grip. Start by standing and holding the club in your bottom hand (right hand), where the grip meets the shaft. The shaft should be at an angle where the club head is at your forehead, toward the sky, and the grip is at your waist. The club should be completely vertical. Touch the club in the fingers of your left hand and wrap your fingers around the grip. Next, lay the rest of your top left hand on the grip, so that the palm lightly touches the grip. Slide your bottom right hand toward your top hand, and keep the grip in your fingers until both hands touch. Either interlock your pinky finger and index finger, or have your pinky overlap your index finger. Hold the club as if you were holding an egg -- not too tight. Your hands will naturally squeeze tighter when they need to during the swing. The finished grip should be essentially with the fingers, rather than with the palms of your hands. Holding the club in your fingers will allow you to keep your arms extended during the swing, which will generate more clubhead speed. Next I will describe the backswing. The backswing does not hit the golf ball, but this does not mean that executing a good backswing is not important. A good backswing will set the club in a position of power and control. Your body should feel like a coil, like a spring loading, getting ready to unwind. You can practice your backswing anywhere that you have enough space for a complete swing. First, start the backswing by sweeping the clubhead back smoothly. Keep the club low to the ground but do not come out of your posture, meaning, keep your spine angle the same. When swinging your club back, do not lose your balance. When your weight pressure presses down on your back foot, keep the pressure balanced to the inside of your foot. As you swing the club back and up, you should feel weight pressure build up in your back leg; this is the beginning of your body feeling like a tightening coil. Continue to move your clubhead up, tightening the coil. Be careful not to press too much weight pressure onto the front of your back foot as you will not be able to complete your shoulder turn and you will lose clubhead speed. Stay in your posture throughout the backswing by keeping the bend in your back leg throughout the entire backswing. Do not stand straight up with your body, but stay down so that you don't move your body position. And finally, allow your shoulders to turn smoothly until your front shoulder is behind the golf ball. You should now be at the top of your swing and fully coiled. Now you have just completed the backswing. The next step is to release this coiled motion into what is called the downswing. The downswing is where you see the results of the setup and the backswing. This motion happens in less than a second and requires a powerful movement with your body in a sequence of detailed steps. The downswing begins from the ground upwards. Most your weight during the backswing is transferred to the inside of the back foot, just enough so that the heel of the front foot has come off the ground slightly. The first move in the downswing is to replace the heel from where it has been pulled off the ground during the backswing. During this motion, the knees shift parallel to each other to the right of the target. The hips will move forward as well. The upper body has not moved toward the target yet. This is the initial shift. As the lower body has just begun the shift, the club has reached the top of the backswing. As the shift is completed, the club now begins its journey to the ball. Since the lower body has shifted its weight toward the target slightly, the right shoulder has dropped a little. Lowering of the shoulder caused by the shift of the hip will allow the club and the player make a more efficient swing at the ball. Now you must rotate your hips towards the target. The faster you rotate your hips, the more power you can generate. The lower body should begin to slightly rotate before the upper body. As you hit the golf ball, the hips will open slightly before the shoulders. To finish off the downswing, keep rotating and swing through the ball until your hands finish high above your left shoulder. This concludes my description on how to swing the golf club properly. After you have read this, I do not you to be able to perfect the golf swing, but nonetheless get a general idea of where to start. Like I said, the golf swing is not a natural motion for most people. The main things involved are time and practice with the basic fundamentals described in this paper. This paper is intended for every skill level. What I mean by skill level is whether you have just started, been playing for weeks, months, or even years, you can still gain helpful knowledge of the golf swing to help you better play and enjoy the game.

Everybody knows that soccer is the most played game in the world but very few people know that the second most played game after soccer is cricket. Cricket had it origin in 700 A.D. Baseball was derive from cricket. The word cricket came from French word ‘criquit’. Most of people who don’t know about cricket think cricket is very complicated game but it is not true. Cricket is a very simple game if one knows these simple rules. If anyone wants to know how cricket is played he must first know some basics of cricket. Cricket ground is round with capacity of just under 100,000 with a playing area in between which is rectangular and is called pitch. On the both sides of pitch there are three wood sticks known as wickets, which are 28 inch long and 9 inch wide. In cricket, there are two teams with 11 players in each team. In each team usually there are five special batsman and there job is to attack the bowling attack of opposite team.. These batmen only bat and usually they don’t bowl. After 5 batsmen, there is wicket keeper. He is only a wicket keeper and batsman and he don’t bowl. After these 5 batsmen, there are 2 all rounders. In cricket all rounder is that player which also bat and also bowl. After all rounder, there are four specialist bowlers’ .These bowlers with all rounders attack the batting of opposite team. In cricket, one bowler can only bowl 6 balls at one time and then another bowler bowl 6 balls. These 6 balls are known as one over so one bowler ball one over then another bowler bowl one over. Like this, it goes till 30 overs. There are three umpires in a cricket match. Two of umpires are in ground and third umpire is not in ground instead he is in special chamber in stadium watching all game on screen. And if ground umpires can’t solve any problem then they ask help to third umpire who watch replay and then decide. In cricket the decision of umpire is final no matter it is wrong or correct. In cricket, scoring points are called runs just as in soccer scoring points are goals First, the captains of both teams come in ground with an umpire and do toss. The team who win the toss decides to bat first or bowl first. Suppose, that team decides to bat first so two players of batting team will go to ground and the whole bowling team will be in ground. Two batsmen will stand at opposite ends of pitch .One batsman will face the bowler and another will be at other end. Bowling team fielders will spread in whole ground according to captain’s order. The batting team will try it best to make as more runs it could make and bowling team will try to minimize runs. If batsman hit the ball and ball running on ground touches the boundary, it is considered four runs for batting side. If ball goes flying in air out side the boundary of ground without touching ground, it is consider six runs. The fielders of opposite team try to stop the ball reaching the boundary. If bowler bowls the ball and batsman misses the ball it hits the wickets or stumps, batsman is out. If one batsman is out then another batsman replaces him till all the 11 players are out. If batsman hits the ball in air and the fielder of opposite team catches, the ball before it touches the ground, batsman is consider out. There is a line known crease line on both side of pitch, which is 3 feet’s from wickets. If batsman is out of his crease line then fielder try to hit the wickets with ball. If ball hits the wicket and batsman is out of his crease line then he is out. Bowlers have to bowl in range of batsman that’s mean they cant bowl very wide from batsman .If they bowl wide ball then have to bowl again and batsman gets one run. When the bowler bowls, he can’t place his foot out side crease line. If the foot is out side crease line then that bowl is bowl again and batsman gets one run. This type of bowl is known as no –ball. There is two types of cricket, one is known as one day cricket or one day match and another is known as test cricket or test match. As compare to test match, one day match is more popular. In one day match both teams have only 300 balls to play. After 300 balls, the score of batting team is target for bowling team. If batting team is out before 300 balls its ok. But if batting team has players after 300 balls, it has to stop and it can’t play more than that. After 300 balls batting team, bowl and bowling team bat in same style. If it achieve the target in 300 balls it is winning team and if whole team is out before reaching target it loses. After knowing the basic steps of cricket, no one can say cricket is a complicated game instead, it will feel a joy to watch a cricket match going on TV. Almost 29 countries of world play cricket out them ten countries only play test cricket. These ten countries go directly into world cup without playing qualifying round. The rest of countries have to play first a qualifying round to enter in world cup. Cricket world cup is held after every 5 years. The world best cricket teams are Pakistan, Australia, England and South Africa

A. Social behavior

1. Penguins are among the most social of all birds. All species are colonial to some degree (del Hoyo, et al.,cheap wow gold 1992). Penguins communicate by vocalizing and performing physical behaviors called "displays."

2. Penguins may swim and feed in groups, but some may be solitary when diving for food. Emperor penguins have been observed feeding in groups with coordinated diving (Marchant,Buy FFXI Gilbuy cheap wow gold 1990).

3. During the breeding season some species come ashore and nest in huge colonies called rookeries. Some rookeries include hundreds of thousands of penguins and cover hundreds of square kilometers (Marchant, 1990).

4. Penguins exhibit intricate courting and mate-recognition behavior. Elaborate visual and vocal displays help establish and maintain nesting territories (Marchant, 1990).

5. Although king penguins are highly gregarious at rookery sites throughout the year, they usually travel in small groups of 5 to 20 individuals (Marchant, 1990).

6. Penguins communicate by vocalizing and performing physical behaviors called "displays." They use many vocal and visual displays to communicate nesting territories and mating information. They also use displays in partner and chick recognition, and defense against intruders (Sparks and Soper,Warhammer Gold 1987; Simpson,cheapest wow gold 1976).

B. Individual behavior

1. Navigation. Studies with Adélies indicate that they use the sun to navigate from land to sea. They adjust for the sun's changing position in the sky throughout the day (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

2. Preening.

                  a. Penguins preen their feathers frequently. Feathers must be maintained in prime condition to ensure waterproofing and insulation.

                  b. Penguins preen with their bills. A gland near the base of the tail secretes oil that the penguin distributes throughout its feathers.

                  c. Penguins preen for several minutes in the water by rubbing their bodies with their flippers while twisting and turning over (Marchant,buy wow gold 1990).

Howler monkeys are named and known for the loud, guttural howls that they routinely use at the beginning and end of the day. They are the loudest animal in the New World and while their howl is not a piercing sound, it can travel for three miles through dense forest.

Black howler monkeys are inhabitants of Latin American rainforests, ranging through eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil and Paraguay,wow gold us and northern Argentina. They are the largest monkey in Latin American rainforests; they grow to be about two to four feet tall and weigh from eight to twenty-two pounds. They have big necks and lower jaws,cheapest wow gold where their super-sized vocal cords are housed.

Male howler monkeys use their big voices to defend their turf. Howls by one troop are answered by other males within earshot. Every-one starts and ends the day by checking out where their nearest competitors are. In this way, they protect the food in their territory. It’s an important job because their diet is made up mostly of leaves—not a particularly nutritious food. Finding young, nutritious leaves is a priority. Fruit and flowers are also valued so it’s crucial that the troop stakes its claim on these treasures when they are found.

Interestingly,buy wow gold when there are few howler monkeys in an area, the howling routine takes on a different pattern. In Belize, where black howler monkeys were reintroduced into a wildlife sanctuary, the howler monkeys were heard only a few times a week rather than every day. Apparently,cheap wow gold with plenty of space and no other howler monkeys, there was no need to check on the whereabouts of competitors. As the population grows and new troops are established,buying gold for wow there will be more reason to check in with the neighbors. At the Zoo,buy cheap wow gold keepers will use recorded howler vocalizations from a distance to try and elicit the territorial calls from the monkeys as they would do in the wild.

Despite the volume of their howl, it’s disorienting to try to find a troop of loud howler monkeys in the wild. They hang out in the treetops where younger, greener leaves are abundant. However, if you do find yourself in the rainforest and it seems that an unusually large amount of fruit is falling from above or a fine spray of urine rains down on your head, you will know you are close!

Genetic traces of extinct species of Galapagos tortoises have been found in their descendants living in the wild, Yale University announced this week. Now the researchers want to try to revive at least one of the species that have gone extinct by selectively breeding it out of the living hybrid population.

"Museum specimens and current molecular technology,Guild Wars Gold coupled with 15 years of field work studying the tortoise population present now on the Galapagos archipelago has painted a new picture of the origins and future of some of the tortoises,buy cheap wow gold" Yale evolutionary biologist Gisella Caccone and colleagues said.

The work was funded in part by the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

When Darwin first visited the island of Floreana in 1835 and wrote about the giant tortoises, heavy human exploitation was already decimating the population, the scientists noted. Within a few decades, 4 of the 15 known species had disappeared. On some islands, tortoises were sacrificed for oil that was used to light the streetlights of Quito, Ecuador.

Others were taken as food or ballast for pirate and whaling ships.

"Matching museum specimens to current populations showed both distinct lineages and intermingled species," the researchers said. "Of particular note,cheap Everquest Platinumcheapest wow gold the team found tortoises on Volcano Wolf of the island Isabella -- the furthest separated island of the archipelago -- that had both the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear markers of the Floreana lineage."

Perhaps some of the tortoises collected on Floreana for ship ballast were jettisoned on Isabella island, where they interbred,buy wow gold the scientists speculated.

Hybrids of the extinct Floreana tortoise line theoretically now could be bred, the researchers say, and over a long span,cheap wow gold revive this species. An expedition on Volcano Wolf is planned in December 2008 to look for tortoises bearing the Floreana lineage.

Work is also under way to completely sequence the tortoise genome to gain a better understanding of these animals.

The sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged from other animals early. As mentioned above, they lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges are sessile and typically feed by drawing in water through pores. Archaeocyatha, which have fused skeletons, may represent sponges or a separate phylum. However, a phylogenomic study in 2008 of 150 genes in 21 genera[7] revealed that it is the Ctenophora or comb jellies which are the basal lineage of animals, at least among those 21 phyla. The authors speculate that sponges—or at least those lines of sponges they investigated—are not so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues,buy wow gold but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny Placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber. The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however - for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures. Genetic studies have considerably changed our understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages: the Deuterostomes and Protostomes, which includes the Ecdysozoa, Platyzoa, and Lophotrochozoa. In addition, there are a few small groups of bilaterians with relatively similar structure that appear to have diverged before these major groups. These include the Acoelomorpha, Rhombozoa, and Orthonectida. The Myxozoa,cheap wow gold single-celled parasites that were originally considered Protozoa, are now believed to have developed from the Bilateria as well. Deuterostomes Superb Fairy-wren, Malurus cyaneusDeuterostomes differ from the other Bilateria, called protostomes, in several ways. In both cases there is a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes the initial opening (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, and an anus forms separately. In deuterostomes this is reversed. In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostomes also have a dorsal, rather than a ventral,Final Fantasy XI Gil nerve chord and their embryos undergo different cleavage. All this suggests the deuterostomes and protostomes are separate, monophyletic lineages. The main phyla of deuterostomes are the Echinodermata and Chordata. The former are radially symmetric and exclusively marine, such as starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. The latter are dominated by the vertebrates, animals with backbones. These include fish,buy cheap wow gold amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. In addition to these, the deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata or acorn worms. Although they are not especially prominent today, the important fossil graptolites may belong to this group. The Chaetognatha or arrow worms may also be deuterostomes, but more recent studies suggest protostome affinities. Ecdysozoa Yellow-winged Darter, Sympetrum flaveolumThe Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom. The remaining two groups of protostomes are sometimes grouped together as the Spiralia, since in both embryos develop with spiral cleavage. Platyzoa Bedford's flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordiThe Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors.[8] A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha.[9] The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora.[10] These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera. Lophotrochozoa Roman snail, Helix pomatiaThe Lophotrochozoa include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.[11][12] The former includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods,[13] because they are both segmented. Now this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.[14] The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a fan of cilia around the mouth, called a lophophore.[15] These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates.[16] but it now appears they are paraphyletic,Buy EQ Plat[17] some closer to the Nemertea and some to the Mollusca and Annelida.[18][19] They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record,cheapest wow gold the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.[20]