jinjiudingFrp

In recent years, with the continuous progress of science and technology, as the people's livelihood, the fermentation industry has achieved rapid development, fermentation equipment, from traditional to modern updates. FRP equipment because of its good corrosion resistance, light weight high-strength, green environmental protection characteristics of the fermentation equipment, ideal replacements. 1, fermentation industry equipment requirements 1) The corrosion resistance of the corrosive medium fermentation industry mainly in three ways: First, its products or production processes in the corrosion intermediates and the product itself, such as: citric acid, acetic acid, salt soy sauce class, etc.; second is necessary for the process used in a variety of accessories and cleaning supplies eliminate bacteria, such as: all kinds of salts, inorganic salts (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, etc.), alkali (sodium hydroxide, ammonia, etc.) ; third is a mixture of the above two, as well as environmental protection should be treated exhaust gas, waste water and so on. 2) material non-toxic, can access food equipment must meet the dress requirements of health food store products. 3) facilitate the process of pollution prevention and control fermentation bacteria or phage contamination is the enemy of fermentation industry, Bacterial contamination is not only impede the production of bacteria growth and product synthesis, disrupted the normal order of production management, but also under the influence of working procedure of the product quality can cause serious inverted tank (to be fermented liquid into the sewer), so production has sustained a great loss, so equipment requirements done no dead, no leakage, and its material non-dirt, not easy to breed, stay negative bacteria and so on. 4) has a certain strength and stiffness. Fermentation industry in addition to finished products and raw materials storage tanks, some of the equipment are temperature, pressure, with mixers and other requirements, such as all kinds of fermentation tanks, monosodium glutamate industry and in cans, ion-exchange column, and the system of citric acid used in the vacuum Concentrator and so on. Therefore, the material for the manufacturing equipment have a certain strength and stiffness requirements. 5) to control costs, to meet the economic requirements. Second, there is the current status of equipment, materials for the fermentation industry, most of the equipment, materials generally divided into three types. The first category is the carbon composite, that is lined with rubber, glass, steel, stainless steel, plastic and acid-resistant tiles, etc.; the second category as a whole stainless steel; the third category as a whole plastic (PVC, PP, etc.). Carbon composite and plastic types of equipment, cost is moderate, generally satisfy the usual corrosion-resistant requirements. However, carbon composite materials and steel equipment lining very different before the performance, construction and maintenance to bring a lot of difficulties, and the lining easy to fall off, causing equipment corrosion and internal media pollution, In addition, the maintenance cost increases, once the resistance of the container corrosion lining penetration will lead to serious corrosion of carbon steel shell, or even scrap the whole device. For the pressure tank, there is still a serious accident such as an explosion may occur. Plastic device has a more excellent corrosion resistance can be used for a variety of media. But the plastic device is basically belong to the thermoplastic engineering plastic-temperature nature of crisp, easy to crack (eg, PP, etc.), low intensity, easy to aging, so applied to the limit. Overall stainless steel equipment, the overall good corrosion resistance, processing, easy maintenance, high strength, temperature resistance is good, commonly used in some of the key and the more harsh conditions of use of equipment. However, in actual use, there are some problems, such as corrosion, Bacterial contamination and so on, if not properly solved, not only unable to play its advantages, but also may result in greater losses. Third, the characteristics of a glassfiber reinforced plastic material) to meet food hygiene requirements. Can meet the food hygiene requirements, this is the most fundamental requirement for fermentation equipment. Glass, steel products can meet the health requirements, the key lies in the choice of resin lining on the need to use food-grade resin. 2) lightweight high-strength. The proportion of glassfiber reinforced plastic is only 1.4-2.0, while the filament winding FRP tensile strength of up to 300-500Mpa, the ultimate strength of more than ordinary steel, such as the strength calculation here, but also has reached or exceeded some special alloy steel, it can be used as corrosion equipment, the main structural material, and have transportation, installation and maintenance advantages of convenience. Excellent corrosion resistance. One of the greatest characteristics of fiberglass is a good corrosion resistance. Through the resin types and brands of choice, using suitable molding process, can produce a variety resistant to acid, alkali, salt, oils and organic solvents, glass steel products. A good surface performance and easy to clean, sterile performance. Because FRP is the overall shape, with no seams, wall smooth, and chemical media access angle, the surface corrosion products and scaling few phenomena, but do not breed bacteria and microorganisms. Therefore not contaminated media, easy to clean, after the Food and Drug Administration specialized testing, glassfiber reinforced plastic has reached the food brewing, pharmaceutical industry requirements. Can be planned better. FRP is a kind of species can change its original quantity and enhance the proportion of the material-arranged manner to meet different performance requirements of the composite material. 6) Good construction technique. Uncured resin and the reinforcing material has the ability to change shape, therefore, can be through different molding methods and mold easily processed into the required shape. This feature most suitable for large-scale, integrated and structurally complex equipment and construction requirements applicable to on-site construction and assembly. 7) anti-aging, fire-retardant. FRP is reinforced plastic products category, the base material of the existence of natural aging and burning issues. But in the world after 60 years, China after 30 years of research, has been lined-step solution to enhance material plus coupling agent treatment, the use of 50 years, the bending strength can be maintained at 64-46%, the tensile strength retention rate at 71.2% if matched with added antioxidant, anti-aging performance, better; glass steel substrate by adding flame retardants and flame-retardant resin re-join the use of flame retardants, oxygen index of up to 34-36, fully meet the requirements fermentation equipment, fire-retardant fire . 8) 4, design and production of issues one should pay attention to the design (1) safety factor: the safety factor for ultimate strength and the allowable stress ratio, due to the lack of standard glassfiber reinforced plastic strength values, but in fact the value of dispersion measured with greater Therefore, in determining the safety factor, we should carefully analyze and stress analysis. And accurate calculation of stress state when at a lower factor of safety (2) made by different process methods of FRP products, should use a different safety factor (3) The use of higher temperatures should be chosen depending on the thermal resin deformation temperature, choose a reasonable safety factor (4) If the impact load, fatigue load, should increase the safety factor (5) For treatment after the curing process, it may opt for a lower security system (6) If possible personal injury or death, or critical equipment, should be appropriate to improve the safety factor. In general, the overall safety factor can not be less than 6, but do not take too high a safety factor, to avoid wastage of materials. 2) Resin Type: To address the media in contact with the type and temperature requirements, a reasonable choice of resin type, in the absence of reliable data, the simulation should be used to ensure that the choice of resin in use still has the required temperature, corrosion resistance and strength. (3) structure design. The structural design of equipment must meet to use, easy installation requirements. Equipment requirements, if any, to facilitate internal and external cleaning, we should import and export, interface, nozzle, and support the Department to do special consideration. In addition, the elastic modulus of FRP low and reasonable structure design should be adopted to meet the stiffness requirements. 2, the production should be strictly carried out according to process order. In particular, corrosion-resistant layer of processing, should be an absolute guarantee of quality, for some special requirements of the situation, should be targeted to strict control and management. For example, to have food hygiene requirements of strict control over the container the following sections: (1) and media exposure necessary to select the part of the resin, food grade and in accordance with GB13115 standards, and there is a formal test report, the curing agent, accelerator, inhibitor agent and solvent for the above additives must also meet the GB13225 standard requirements (2) in the container processing has been completed, should be carried out after the curing. Usually dealt with under the 80 degrees Celsius for more than 3h, or room temperature curing of not less than 14d; (3) application of the contact surface with the medium vapor temperature (temperature of 80-120 degrees Celsius) or 80 degrees Celsius water, washed twice, and after treatment and the use of the former in a sealed condition. 3, installation, transportation, use of glassfiber reinforced plastic is a new material, it has its own characteristics, during the installation. Transport and use of materials with the original system, the equipment is different, we should follow the installation drawings and manufacturers, transport and user manual requirements and instructions to ensure product quality. In recent years, glass-steel fermentation equipment has been widely used Jizhou City, Hebei Province, China and Italy as the first domestic steel glass FRP winding equipment manufacturer, in this respect a great deal of research, development, and have achieved some experience. Jane has been very in Shijiazhuang, Guangzhou, Lee Kum Kee and other domestic popularization and application of a number of large breweries. With the development of biotechnology, new techniques, technology applications will require higher quality of products, we will keep pace with technology trends and constantly improve the quality of glassfiber reinforced plastic equipment in order to meet the user's requirements, in order to promote more contributions to the development of fermentation industry.

In recent years, with the rapid development of China's fiberglass industry, environmental problems become increasingly serious. Emissions of organic glass fiber production wastewater will pollute rivers and water bodies, destruction of water sources. China is a large population and a relative shortage of water resources, ecological fragility of the developing countries, worsening water pollution and urban water ecology and the increasing degradation that affect our country has become a major factor for sustainable development. Most fiberglass plant in China has gradually carried out its sewage generated different levels of governance. Completely solve the fiberglass wastewater pollution problems, has been urgent, imperative. Some foreign technology, developed countries, the right glass to carry out than the earlier treatment of wastewater, such as the United States, Britain, Germany and Japan are fully carried out fiberglass plant sewage treatment, forming a complete technology and equipment. China 70 years from the last century, began to explore the research and development and the introduction of a fiberglass wastewater treatment process, so its management is entirely feasible. 1. Glass Drawing Drawing wastewater effluent water quality analysis is a kind of organic waste water, its nature and contained in the sizing categories. Typically, the sizing can be divided into three categories: starch-based, enhanced and paraffin-type. This sizing of the chemical composition of three very different even if the same kind of infiltration agents, the products, the use of different chemical composition of the formula is also very different. Consolidate the various formulations of the chemical composition of sizing, drawing water mainly composed of lipids, emulsifiers, water-soluble organic matter, toxic substances, a small amount of glass and debris. The above types of substances in wastewater pollutants glass drawing, in which solid organic matter and dissolved organic matter as the main pollutant. Paraffin wax-based sizing agent containing waste water, formaldehyde is also one of the major pollutants. 2. fiberglass biochemical characteristics of wastewater water quality analysis we can see from the above, glass fiber drawing is a kind of organic wastewater effluent, but not the same type of sizing agent, the performance characteristics of a big difference. Typically, glass fiber biodegradability of organic wastewater can be used to determine the value of BOD5/CODcr. 3. fiberglass wastewater treatment process we have adopted the principal is still the most physical chemical + biological treatment + physical treatment process, commonly known as "trilogy." Wastewater treatment capacity of 10 tons / day tons of yarn ~ 13 tons / day tons of yarn. Individual enterprise is 2 tons / day tons of yarn ~ 5 tons / day tons of yarn. Be seen from the water treatment index, BOD5, CODcr are dealing mainly with indicators. In addition, because water was emulsion-like, transparency is low, milky white appearance. Therefore, the wastewater color and turbidity are also processed objects. The whole process from the performance can be divided into three sections: pre-treatment, secondary treatment, three advanced treatment. After treatment at a larger grille blocking inorganic (such as waste glass fiber silk, residues etc.) into the conditioning tank, through the weir-type flow meter measurement, into the reaction tank. In the reaction tank dosing Basic aluminum chloride, so that waste water emulsion-breaking, and dosing NaOH adjusted pH value between 6.8 ~ 7.4. Waste water emulsion-breaking, the formation of small floc, and then into the flocculation tank. In the flocculation polymer flocculant dosing the pool, so that the solid organic matter in waste water to form a large floc into the first settler separation. Through chemical flocculation pretreatment, the majority of organic solids are separated out. Sedimentation tank into the biochemical processing systems supernatant, and further removal of water soluble organic matter. First, enter the first aeration tank. The first and second aeration tank serial composition, the use of biological contact oxidation method, blast aeration. In the aeration tank dosing N, P nutrients, aeration aerobic treatment by the vast majority of biodegradable dissolved organic matter was removed, and then entered the second sedimentation tank, so that separation of activated sludge. Supernatant into the second flocculation, depending on water quality, as appropriate dosing PAC and PAM, to further remove the remaining solid organic material into the third after the sedimentation tanks, mud again separated. The supernatant into the treatment pond, and through the sand filtration treatment to the recycling pool, most of reuse, a small part of the discharge. The first sedimentation tank sludge is mainly chemical sludge, and the second part of the activated sludge settling tank back to the first aeration tank, and the rest of the first sedimentation tank from time to time together with the chemical sludge to the sludge thickening tank pump , and then to the mud pool, then the sludge dewatering machine dewatering pumps to the tank, the bag Sinotrans landfill. After this set of process treatment, BOD5 removal rate of about 80%, external drainage can be achieved at the national level, or Grade II. 4. Techno-economic analysis of baseline water volume 2000m3 / day, CODcr concentration of 1500mg / L, the daily handling capacity of organic matter is 3000 kg. Analysis of running costs only electricity and pharmaceutical expenses, excluding depreciation and labor costs. Comprehensive chemical flocculation sedimentation, biochemical and other auxiliary electricity costs, the total cost per ton of water is 1.69 yuan / m3. Water CODcr average 1500mg / L account, CODcr removal rate by 97% of the total count, a daily CODcr removal of 2910 kilograms / day, compared with 1047.6 tons per year in each of efflux CODcr of 32.4 tons. 5. Optimization of operating conditions and engineering design parameters before the Syrian and the glass-drawing water is a highly emulsified organic wastewater, chemical composition with polyvinyl acetate emulsion based, as well as some organic coupling agent and emulsifier. Small solid particles of organic wastewater in a micron below the flocculation by chemical emulsion breaking, you can remove most organic solids, at the same time, due to the formation of floc flocculation body with a large area, it can still be a part of soluble organic molecules adsorbed. Therefore, this kind of organic wastewater treatment, the chemical flocculation is a very important unit operation. The treatment process to vote for the Basic chemicals added aluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM). PAC is a kind of inorganic flocculants, but also has the role of emulsion breaking. In the wastewater dosing a certain amount of PAC, the water there will be visible floc solids, and to clarify the water. Dosing PAM, is to make the wastewater has been demulsification organic solids, National Cheng Kung University of floc cohesion body, speed up the sedimentation effect. Dosage effect on the floc has a direct impact. Master the best dosage, can enhance the treatment efficiency and reduce unnecessary waste, are essential to the operation and design parameters. 6. fiberglass depth of wastewater treatment and reuse from the tertiary treatment process to see, its purification function able to meet the national emission standards, but out of the water still would contain a considerable number of pollutants, this part of the water efflux will still affect the water body, but also not suitable for reuse, they must be further advanced treatment. The depth of processing objects and goals are: to remove the remaining suspended solids in water treatment (including the activated sludge particles): bleaching, deodorization, so that the water has been further clarified; to further reduce the BOD5, CODcr other indicators, so that further stabilization of the water; Sterilization to remove toxic and harmful substances in water. After the depth of the treated water to discharge, including those with high economic values of water bodies and slow flowing water bodies, including any body of water to supplement surface water; back for agricultural irrigation, municipal use, such as the irrigation of urban green space, washing streets, vehicles, landscape water, etc.; can also be used for flushing toilets back, and even returned for the production of demineralized water and pure water. Water in nature is the only irreplaceable, but also the only renewable resources, recycling waste water reuse is the most cost-effective water-saving measures, but also the most effective way to control water pollution. At present, China's glass fiber industry facing difficult adjustment of industrial structure and technological structure, with the direct-melt technology is developing rapidly, by the emergence of new sewage treatment process, technology and pharmaceutical research and development efforts are also being increased, in line with our conditions of the simple, practical, efficient, reliable, and low operating costs back to the depth of water treatment processes and technology will remain the trend of development.

FRP has the following characteristic. 　　

(1) light quality excel in relative density between 1.5~2.0, only then carbon steel 1/4~1/5, but the longitudinal strength is actually close, even surpasses the carbon steel, but the specific tenacity may compare with the highgrade alloy steel. Therefore, in aviation, rocket, space vehicle, high-pressure vessel as well as, in other needs reduce in the product application which is self-possessed, has the remarkable result. Certain epoxy FRP stretch, curving and the compressive strength can achieve above 400Mpa. The partial material's density, the intensity and the specific tenacity see Table 1-1. 　　 (2) anti-corrosive performance good FRP is the good anticorrosive material, to atmospheric, the water and the general density's acid, the alkali, the salt as well as many kinds of oils class and the resolver has the good resistance. Has applied the chemical anticorrosion each aspect, is substituting for the carbon steel, the stainless steel, the lumber, the non-ferrous metal and so on.

(3) the electricity performance good is the fine insulation material, uses for to make the insulator. High frequency under still could protect good dielectric. The microwave permeability is good, has widely used in the radome.

(4) the thermal properties good FRP heat conductivity is low, under the room temperature is 1.25~1.67kJ/(m · h · K), only then the metal 1/100~1/1000, is the fine heat-insulating material. In the instantaneous superhigh temperature situation, is the ideal hot protection and bears the ablatant, can protect the space vehicle in 2000℃ above to withstand the high-velocity current the washout.

(5) may designed be good ① May according to the need, design each kind of structure product nimbly, satisfies the operation requirements, may enable the product to have the very good integrity. ② May the full choose material satisfy the product the performance, for example: May design anticorrosive, bears in the instantaneous high temperature, product some direction to have specially high strength, dielectric to be good, and so on.

(6) the technology capability is fine ① May according to the product shape, the specification, the use and quantity comes to choose the formation craft nimbly. ② The craft is simple, may a formation, the economic effect be prominent, especially to the shape complex, is not easy the quantity few products which takes shape, highlights its craft superiority. 　　

Cannot request one kind of FRP to satisfy all requests, FRP is not multi-purpose, FRP also has the following some deficiencies. 　　

(1) elasticity coefficient low FRP elasticity coefficient compared to lumber tenth time, but compared to steel (E=2.1×106) small 10 times, therefore often feels the rigidity in the product mix to be insufficient, easy to distort. May make the shell structure, the sandwich structure, may also or makes forms and so on stiffener through the high module textile fiber to make up. 　　

(2) long-term heat resistance difference general FRP cannot under the high temperature the long-term use, general polyester FRP in 50℃ above the intensity obviously drops, generally only in 100℃ below uses; General epoxy FRP in 60℃ above, the intensity has the obvious drop. But may choose the thermostable resin, causes the long lasting work temperature in 200~300℃ is possible. 　

(3) the ageing phenomenon ageing phenomenon is the plastic common flaw, FRP is not exceptional, in the ultraviolet ray, wind functions and so on under gauze sleet, chemical mediator, mechanical stress easy to cause the performance to drop. 　　

(4) the level between the shearing strength underlying bed the shearing strength is undertakes depending on the resin, therefore is very low. May through methods and so on choice craft, use resin acceptor enhance the level the cementing power, what is most main is when the product design, avoids causing the level as far as possible to cut. 　　

3rd, which production method does FRP have? 　　

Answer: Basically divides two broad headings, namely aqueous method contact and dry process compression formation. If divides according to the craft characteristic, has the hand to stick the formation, the lamination formation, the RTM law, the ironing, the mold pressing formation, the winding formation and so on. The hand sticks the formation to include the hand to stick the law, the bag to press the law, the spray method, to stick the low pressure law and the non-mold wet sticks the law. At present in the world uses most formation methods to have the following four kinds. 　　① The hand sticks the law: The main use country has Norway, Japan, Britain, Denmark and so on. 　　② Spray method: The main use country has Sweden, US, Norway and so on. 　　③ Mold pressing law: The main use country has Germany and so on. 　　④ FTM law: The main use country has European and American various countries, Japan. Our country has 90% above FRP product is the hand sticks the law production, other have the mold pressing law, the winding law, the lamination and so on (to see the 11th chapter). Japan's hand stuck the law still to account for 50%. Looking from various countries, the hand sticks the law still to account for the suitable proportion, explained that it still had the vitality. The hand sticks method the characteristic is with the hygrometric state resin formation, the equipment is simple, the expense are few, a time can stick above 10m the overall product. The shortcoming is the mechanized degree is low, the production cycle is long, the quality is unstable. In recent years, our country from overseas introduced has pushed pulls, process units and so on spray coating, winding, along with the FRP industry's development, the new technique will appear unceasingly.

View of the current FRP boat manufacturing process, a brief introduction to the aspects of our DNV some suggestions:
1. Proper core installation:
There are two commonly used in the sandwich material - Closed-cell foam and End-grain balsa core, which is cheap and the two
Useful material, but the light-wood sandwich to be pre-soaked, usually the practice: In CSM resin-rich surface covered with pre-soaked in
Heartwood. (Except for vacuum adsorption process) / Because there are many yachts Curvature, and the heartwood are all Jukou, so how
Like to avoid Jukou Department does not diminish the intensity of the problem is the manufacturers should pay attention, if only to fill with resin, this is a very dangerous
, In actual use, once by the impact, it would be prone to crack under normal conditions or under frozen conditions, the water
Chapter penetrate the structure layer, destruction of the structure strength. Lay to avoid the commonly used method is: the most complex and best way is to take the groove
Then, another one is to use filler and the use of fibers wrapped in the Jukou gap.
Although the FRP hull of the most emphasized are: multi-fiber, high strength / But this conclusion for the heartwood is the only exception.
2. Any FRP process should avoid excessive resin, under normal circumstances: If the full use of Mat structure, fiber content
Should be about 28% by weight, or about 72% resin content; if full use of WR, fiber content should be 45-50%
So, that is, almost half of resin and fiber; if the use of Mat and WR mix of fiber content should be about 35%, that is,
Resin content of 65%, so it can be seen with the highest amount of fiber is completely WR hull structure, and the second is the Mat and
WR combination of hull, but the complete WR hull is impossible, because the gap between the high degree of WR different, making
Into the layer and the layer could not very good adhesion. So, Mat, and WR is the commonly used method, then for a complete
Yachts, the use of fiber and resin than the column (by weight) should be 35% - 65%, you can use combustion method to test the results.
Conclusion: The high fiber - High strength - This is a yacht design and manufacture of the guiding ideology (except for the installation of the sandwich materials)
3. Resin Type: Usually there are polyester (Polyster) and vinyl (Vinylester), usually have Tim Polyster
Added Catelyst and Accelerator, if not added, the use of MEKP catalyst system time, pay attention to add-shun
Sequence and the use of methods to prevent accidents.
4. The correct paste-layer process:
Yacht structure is composed of several parts:
- The surface layer (coating) - Surface barrier (anti-corrosion barrier)
- Structure layer - structure barrier
- Strengthening the building blocks - scantling reinforcement
a. surface layer:
- Gel Coat: Calculate the area of the mold, X thickness (normal 0.5 - 0.75 mm) = derived necessary weight (evenly
Spray on the mold surface, insufficient, or surplus, and can cause problems with gel coat layer, too thick - easily after drying cracks /
Too thin - does not appear smooth outer surface, but also fail to protect the internal structure of the layer of anti-corrosion requirements.
- Gel Coat to achieve "refers to dry", the laying of the surface layer of carpet, the carpet surface to be rich in resin, and can reach over 80%. In order to prevent
Only the "print out" phenomenon, can then lay a layer of chopped strand mat.
- Waiting to dry, carrying out a structural layer laid. (Drying time in a controlled temperature and humidity 6-8 hours should be sufficient)
B. Structure Layer:
Mat-WR alternately be laid to meet the bonding of the premise, as far as possible to reduce the resin content.
During this process, to control the resin and fibers in the weight ratio of column as follows: 65% -35%
The last layer - recommend the use of chopped strand mat CSM-end, first, to lay the foundation for the following work to ensure the smooth inner surface
Degree and waterproof performance, the second is - this is a critical layer of dry heat
c-strengthening:
In the structure layer completely dry, began to strengthen the laying, at work, should a slight polishing, the end with the CSM, polishing,
Will not affect the structural strength, but with the WR on the last layer, once the polish will wear off fiber failure strength. Ran
And clean. For more than 3 months has been placed around the bottom shell, at the beginning to strengthen, should the use of styrene styrene
Softening, can not use Acetone Acetone, which has a strong ability to dissolve organic compounds.
In the actual operation of the process and the specific process, there is more attention to issues and theoretical guidance, due to space limitations,
Can not be complete and clear expression. Recommended manufacturers theoretical basis to guide the operator in accordance with the system to the completion of each one working
Art. There is no theory, practical experience alone, or estimates to build a yacht, though more simple, but it will also appear more trouble
Problems.