Large-scale heat pump installations would deliver renewable heat from air
Neil Crumpton, a member of the Bath-based Claverton Energy Group of energy experts and practitioners, and also Friends of the Earth Cymru’s energy campaigner, has produced
a draft zero-carbon, non-nuclear scenario to 2050 and beyond intended
to initiate feedback and debate in the Claverton Energy Group. It aims
to identify the low-carbon energy generating and supply infrastructure
needed to build a resilient, demand-responsive UK energy system. It
relies heavily on renewables, urban heat grids, possibly suburban
hydrogen networks, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) during the four
decades of transition.
It is very ambitious. Renewables would supply about 200TWh/y by 2020, scaling up to more than 1,100 TWh/y by 2050. Offshore windfarms, at least 10 miles from any coast occupying some 20,000 sq. km, would supply ~ 550 TWh/y, about half his estimated 2050 final energy demand. But the real innovation starts on the heat side, with much use of Combined Heat and Power plants and large heat pumps feeding industrial users and town/ city heat grids. Up to 15 GWe of industrial Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants would supply industrial clusters, while 15 GWe or more of urban Combined Heat Pump and Power (CHP&P) schemes (typically 0.5–100 MW) would distribute reject heat from fast-response ‘aero-derivative’ gas turbines, and large heat pumps .
They would feed heat grids, with up to 5 GWe of ‘initiator’ CHP&P schemes, progressively linked up to form wider district and eventually town-wide and city-wide heat grids over the next 15–20 years. Large-scale heat pump installations would deliver renewable heat from air and ground- and from solar thermal and geothermal sources.
Even more innovatively, large thermal stores (ac***ulators), up to traditional gasometer-scale, would optimise the system. Peaking renewable electricity, particularly from marine technologies, would primarily be stored as heat at electricity ‘regenerator’ sites comprising a mix of technologies like molten salt stores and 10 GWe or more of steam turbines, electrolysers and hydrogen fuel cells and compressed air. Chemicals and fuel synthesis could also feature and connection to the heat grids would greatly aid conversion and regeneration efficiency and heat demand response.
Crumpton says ‘such an energy storage and electricity regeneration capability would be a significant aid to delivering the UK’s large but highly variable renewable energy resources, particularly wind energy, to consumers as and when demanded’.
Initially the energy input for the heat grids would be mostly from gas, but all the gas-fired industrial CHP and urban CHP&P capacity would be progressively converted to hydrogen, piped in from coal and biomass CCS gasifiers. There could also be a direct solar heat input to local heat stores, and possibly also some from geothermal sources. Low-pressure hydrogen might also be supplied to the 9.5 million sub-urban homes via the existing (upgraded) gas network to power 10–30 GWe of mCHP boilers (possibly fuel cell) and domestic heat pumps.
All large emitters would be fitted with Carbon Capture by 2025. CCS fitted gasifiers co-fired with 15+% biomass or imported solar synthetic fuels would then provide ‘carbon-negative’ baseload to the extent climate protection policy required. The 10 GW of CCGTs already consented would operate until about 2040, then be retained for occasional duty during prolonged winter anti-cyclones.
There would also be HVDC links to Europe, including Norwegian hydro and pumped storage schemes, which would help optimise the system to high marine renewable variability, and open the option of delivering net imports of around 10% of final energy from Saharan wind and concentrated solar power schemes.
The complete system, with molten salt heat stores at regeneration sites, would comprise some 50 GW of firm electricity generation, plus peaking plant, suburban mCHP, and inter-connectors. He says the system’s firm generation and storage capacity would be designed to supply ‘smart’ demand even during a deep winter anti-cyclone lasting days. And he says that ‘Depending on the availability of sustainable bio-sources and transport sector emissions, the UK could be net zero carbon by 2040’.
It is of course all very speculative, although the use of large air to water heat pump is not novel- The Hague has a 2.7 MW (ammonia) seawater community heating scheme and Stockholm has a total of 420 MW (multiple 30 MW units) of heat / cold pumps feeding its district heating / cooling grid. Crumpton says ‘The large heat pumps would harness heat from sources which 11 million urban domestic heat pumps could not do, including large solar thermal arrays and geothermal’.
Using coal still might worry some environmentalists, but there would be CCS and he says it would be used in minimal amounts by 2050. Generating and piping hydrogen is also a novel idea – but there are now some pilot schemes in the UK. And piping heat is much more common – on the continent.
Installing that, and the rest of the system, would though involve a lot of new infrastructure, but he claims that ‘strategic siting the gasifiers would combine locations with good transport access for coal and biomass (dock-sides, railheads, collieries), together with hydrogen pipeline routes to CHP schemes, and CO2 pipelines to geological storage sites under the North Sea or Liverpool Bay’. And similarly ‘regeneration schemes should be sited adjacent to industrial clusters, refineries, and existing chemical sites with hydrogen, CO2 and heat grid pipeline access’. In addition, ‘coastal locations with direct HVDC connection from marine renewables would minimise need for new cross-country transmission lines’.
So disruption would be reduced. Nevertheless, building the Ceiling air conditioner (polypropylene pipes) would involve some short-term local disruption to pavements and roads during the pipe/conduit laying. But he says it would ‘provide low-carbon energy infrastructure for the children of today and future generations’.
It is very ambitious. Renewables would supply about 200TWh/y by 2020, scaling up to more than 1,100 TWh/y by 2050. Offshore windfarms, at least 10 miles from any coast occupying some 20,000 sq. km, would supply ~ 550 TWh/y, about half his estimated 2050 final energy demand. But the real innovation starts on the heat side, with much use of Combined Heat and Power plants and large heat pumps feeding industrial users and town/ city heat grids. Up to 15 GWe of industrial Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants would supply industrial clusters, while 15 GWe or more of urban Combined Heat Pump and Power (CHP&P) schemes (typically 0.5–100 MW) would distribute reject heat from fast-response ‘aero-derivative’ gas turbines, and large heat pumps .
They would feed heat grids, with up to 5 GWe of ‘initiator’ CHP&P schemes, progressively linked up to form wider district and eventually town-wide and city-wide heat grids over the next 15–20 years. Large-scale heat pump installations would deliver renewable heat from air and ground- and from solar thermal and geothermal sources.
Even more innovatively, large thermal stores (ac***ulators), up to traditional gasometer-scale, would optimise the system. Peaking renewable electricity, particularly from marine technologies, would primarily be stored as heat at electricity ‘regenerator’ sites comprising a mix of technologies like molten salt stores and 10 GWe or more of steam turbines, electrolysers and hydrogen fuel cells and compressed air. Chemicals and fuel synthesis could also feature and connection to the heat grids would greatly aid conversion and regeneration efficiency and heat demand response.
Crumpton says ‘such an energy storage and electricity regeneration capability would be a significant aid to delivering the UK’s large but highly variable renewable energy resources, particularly wind energy, to consumers as and when demanded’.
Initially the energy input for the heat grids would be mostly from gas, but all the gas-fired industrial CHP and urban CHP&P capacity would be progressively converted to hydrogen, piped in from coal and biomass CCS gasifiers. There could also be a direct solar heat input to local heat stores, and possibly also some from geothermal sources. Low-pressure hydrogen might also be supplied to the 9.5 million sub-urban homes via the existing (upgraded) gas network to power 10–30 GWe of mCHP boilers (possibly fuel cell) and domestic heat pumps.
All large emitters would be fitted with Carbon Capture by 2025. CCS fitted gasifiers co-fired with 15+% biomass or imported solar synthetic fuels would then provide ‘carbon-negative’ baseload to the extent climate protection policy required. The 10 GW of CCGTs already consented would operate until about 2040, then be retained for occasional duty during prolonged winter anti-cyclones.
There would also be HVDC links to Europe, including Norwegian hydro and pumped storage schemes, which would help optimise the system to high marine renewable variability, and open the option of delivering net imports of around 10% of final energy from Saharan wind and concentrated solar power schemes.
The complete system, with molten salt heat stores at regeneration sites, would comprise some 50 GW of firm electricity generation, plus peaking plant, suburban mCHP, and inter-connectors. He says the system’s firm generation and storage capacity would be designed to supply ‘smart’ demand even during a deep winter anti-cyclone lasting days. And he says that ‘Depending on the availability of sustainable bio-sources and transport sector emissions, the UK could be net zero carbon by 2040’.
It is of course all very speculative, although the use of large air to water heat pump is not novel- The Hague has a 2.7 MW (ammonia) seawater community heating scheme and Stockholm has a total of 420 MW (multiple 30 MW units) of heat / cold pumps feeding its district heating / cooling grid. Crumpton says ‘The large heat pumps would harness heat from sources which 11 million urban domestic heat pumps could not do, including large solar thermal arrays and geothermal’.
Using coal still might worry some environmentalists, but there would be CCS and he says it would be used in minimal amounts by 2050. Generating and piping hydrogen is also a novel idea – but there are now some pilot schemes in the UK. And piping heat is much more common – on the continent.
Installing that, and the rest of the system, would though involve a lot of new infrastructure, but he claims that ‘strategic siting the gasifiers would combine locations with good transport access for coal and biomass (dock-sides, railheads, collieries), together with hydrogen pipeline routes to CHP schemes, and CO2 pipelines to geological storage sites under the North Sea or Liverpool Bay’. And similarly ‘regeneration schemes should be sited adjacent to industrial clusters, refineries, and existing chemical sites with hydrogen, CO2 and heat grid pipeline access’. In addition, ‘coastal locations with direct HVDC connection from marine renewables would minimise need for new cross-country transmission lines’.
So disruption would be reduced. Nevertheless, building the Ceiling air conditioner (polypropylene pipes) would involve some short-term local disruption to pavements and roads during the pipe/conduit laying. But he says it would ‘provide low-carbon energy infrastructure for the children of today and future generations’.
