ceiling air conditioner

Neil Crumpton, a member of the Bath-based Claverton Energy Group of energy experts and practitioners, and also Friends of the Earth Cymru’s energy campaigner, has produced a draft zero-carbon, non-nuclear scenario to 2050 and beyond intended to initiate feedback and debate in the Claverton Energy Group. It aims to identify the low-carbon energy generating and supply infrastructure needed to build a resilient, demand-responsive UK energy system. It relies heavily on renewables, urban heat grids, possibly suburban hydrogen networks, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) during the four decades of transition.

It is very ambitious. Renewables would supply about 200TWh/y by 2020, scaling up to more than 1,100 TWh/y by 2050. Offshore windfarms, at least 10 miles from any coast occupying some 20,000 sq. km, would supply ~ 550 TWh/y, about half his estimated 2050 final energy demand. But the real innovation starts on the heat side, with much use of Combined Heat and Power plants and large heat pumps feeding industrial users and town/ city heat grids. Up to 15 GWe of industrial Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants would supply industrial clusters, while 15 GWe or more of urban Combined Heat Pump  and Power (CHP&P) schemes (typically 0.5–100 MW) would distribute reject heat from fast-response ‘aero-derivative’ gas turbines, and large heat pumps .

They would feed heat grids, with up to 5 GWe of ‘initiator’ CHP&P schemes, progressively linked up to form wider district and eventually town-wide and city-wide heat grids over the next 15–20 years. Large-scale heat pump installations would deliver renewable heat from air and ground- and from solar thermal and geothermal sources.

Even more innovatively, large thermal stores (ac***ulators), up to traditional gasometer-scale, would optimise the system. Peaking renewable electricity, particularly from marine technologies, would primarily be stored as heat at electricity ‘regenerator’ sites comprising a mix of technologies like molten salt stores and 10 GWe or more of steam turbines, electrolysers and hydrogen fuel cells and compressed air. Chemicals and fuel synthesis could also feature and connection to the heat grids would greatly aid conversion and regeneration efficiency and heat demand response.

Crumpton says ‘such an energy storage and electricity regeneration capability would be a significant aid to delivering the UK’s large but highly variable renewable energy resources, particularly wind energy, to consumers as and when demanded’.

Initially the energy input for the heat grids would be mostly from gas, but all the gas-fired industrial CHP and urban CHP&P capacity would be progressively converted to hydrogen, piped in from coal and biomass CCS gasifiers. There could also be a direct solar heat input to local heat stores, and possibly also some from geothermal sources. Low-pressure hydrogen might also be supplied to the 9.5 million sub-urban homes via the existing (upgraded) gas network to power 10–30 GWe of mCHP boilers (possibly fuel cell) and domestic heat pumps.

All large emitters would be fitted with Carbon Capture by 2025. CCS fitted gasifiers co-fired with 15+% biomass or imported solar synthetic fuels would then provide ‘carbon-negative’ baseload to the extent climate protection policy required. The 10 GW of CCGTs already consented would operate until about 2040, then be retained for occasional duty during prolonged winter anti-cyclones.

There would also be HVDC links to Europe, including Norwegian hydro and pumped storage schemes, which would help optimise the system to high marine renewable variability, and open the option of delivering net imports of around 10% of final energy from Saharan wind and concentrated solar power schemes.

The complete system, with molten salt heat stores at regeneration sites, would comprise some 50 GW of firm electricity generation, plus peaking plant, suburban mCHP, and inter-connectors. He says the system’s firm generation and storage capacity would be designed to supply ‘smart’ demand even during a deep winter anti-cyclone lasting days. And he says that ‘Depending on the availability of sustainable bio-sources and transport sector emissions, the UK could be net zero carbon by 2040’.

It is of course all very speculative, although the use of large air to water heat pump is not novel- The Hague has a 2.7 MW (ammonia) seawater community heating scheme and Stockholm has a total of 420 MW (multiple 30 MW units) of heat / cold pumps feeding its district heating / cooling grid. Crumpton says ‘The large heat pumps would harness heat from sources which 11 million urban domestic heat pumps could not do, including large solar thermal arrays and geothermal’.

Using coal still might worry some environmentalists, but there would be CCS and he says it would be used in minimal amounts by 2050. Generating and piping hydrogen is also a novel idea – but there are now some pilot schemes in the UK. And piping heat is much more common – on the continent.

Installing that, and the rest of the system, would though involve a lot of new infrastructure, but he claims that ‘strategic siting the gasifiers would combine locations with good transport access for coal and biomass (dock-sides, railheads, collieries), together with hydrogen pipeline routes to CHP schemes, and CO2 pipelines to geological storage sites under the North Sea or Liverpool Bay’. And similarly ‘regeneration schemes should be sited adjacent to industrial clusters, refineries, and existing chemical sites with hydrogen, CO2 and heat grid pipeline access’. In addition, ‘coastal locations with direct HVDC connection from marine renewables would minimise need for new cross-country transmission lines’.

So disruption would be reduced. Nevertheless, building the Ceiling air conditioner (polypropylene pipes) would involve some short-term local disruption to pavements and roads during the pipe/conduit laying. But he says it would ‘provide low-carbon energy infrastructure for the children of today and future generations’.

The most cost-effective option for residential applications is called closed loop horizontal installation. In this type of installation, plastic pipe is laid in horizontal air conditioner at least four feet deep. The pipes can be installed straight or in loops resembling a big Slinkly - this requires deeper but shorter trenches, which can help in smaller yards. For a typical home, you might have to install 1,000 - 2,000 feet of tubing/piping, so this isn’t a small project!

A second option is called the closed loop vertical system, in which u-shaped sections of pipe are installed in borings drilled 150+ feet deep. These systems are more expensive because of the drilling costs, but they can be used in tighter places or where the soil is very rocky or difficult to dig in. Vertical systems have been employed in areas as densely populated as New York City.
A final common option is referred to as an open loop system. Here the heat exchange is done via groundwater withdrawn from a well rather than through a closed loop of piping. Heat is transferred from the water to the building via the heat pump , and then the water is reinjected into the groundwater aquifer via a second well some distance away. This can be the easiest approach from a technical standpoint (and can work in dense urban areas as well), but it can introduce some permitting hassles in areas where groundwater is used for drinking or is tightly regulated.

There are some other options (such as using a lake or pond as your heat source), but the three above are the most common options in most residential situations. There are also some interesting innovations in the technology of the heat pump equipment itself (such as using the waste heat for hot water, hooking the heat pump up to in-floor radiant heating systems, and other higher-tech approaches), but we’ll cover those in a separate posting.

Clearly, finding a contractor skilled in this type of system is critical! We have a directory of geothermal heat pump installers around the country here. If you don’t find any in your area, then check out the installer lists provided by some of the top heat pump manufacturers :

    * WaterFurnace;
    * ECONAR installers;
    * FHP Manufacturing;
    * Earthlinked Technologies.

Oh, one more thing to note. A geothermal heat pump is NOT the same as geothermal heating, where you heat your house directly using hot water pulled from deep underground. There aren’t that many parts of the country with the necessary underground geothermal energy to do this (primarily in the West), and even in these places almost all systems are commercial-scale operations. So if you’re thinking of harnessing the earth’s energy for your heating / cooling needs, most likely a geothermal heat pump is the way to go!

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from:environmentalresearchweb

Over the past few months we’ve noticed quite a bit of interest in geothermal heating and cooling amongst our site visitors, and in particular in geothermal heat pumps. We’ve also had many questions from people about exactly what they are and how/if they should consider them as an eco-friendly heating/cooling option. If this describes you, then read on - these systems ARE incredibly promising technologies to heat and cool your home, but they’re also more complicated than your typical AC or furnace unit. We’ll try to help clear the air!

We get into quite a bit of detail below, but before you get into that here’s a very quick summary of geothermal heat pumps :
# Geothermal (or ground source) heat pumps can be incredibly efficient, delivering 3-6x as much energy for heating and cooling as you use to power the equipment;
# They are in some ways a renewable energy system, since they use the heat contained in the earth to provide heating / cooling;
# They do require extensive installation work, including excavation or drilling to install subsurface pipes; and
# They are more expensive than traditional heating/cooling equipment, but the payback period is less than five years almost everywhere in the country due to their greater efficiency.

What is a Heat Pump ?

First things first, though: what exactly is a heat pump? Well, just like it sounds, a heat pump moves heat from one place to another rather than creating heat or cooling by burning a fuel (like a furnace or boiler). They do this by taking advantage of the fact that liquid refrigerants absorb huge amounts of heat when they turn into gas via evaporation, and release that same heat when they are condensed back into liquids.
The most common kind of heat pump, called an air source heat pump , uses the energy in outdoor air to heat and cool. To cool a warm space, a heat pump evaporates the liquid refrigerant in copper coils indoors and condenses it (via a compressor) in similar coils outdoors. To heat a cold room, a valve is activated that reverses the process: the gaseous refrigerant is condensed indoors where it gives off heat, and it evaporates in the outdoor coils, picking up heat from outdoors in the process. Air conditioners and refrigerators use the same exact process to deliver their cooling performance.

Why are they such great heating and cooling options? For one, heat pumps can be incredibly efficient: because they move rather than create heat, they can often deliver 3-4x more energy into your home than you use to power the heat pump (high efficiency air conditioners have the same benefit). Ceiling air conditioner , heat pumps also provide both heating and cooling, meaning you don’t need two separate systems that only get used for half the year.

With all of these benefits, you might expect to see air source heat pumps everywhere, so what’s the catch? Well, because they are more complicated than typical air conditioners and furnaces, they’re a bit more expensive up front. And, they work best in relatively moderate and humid climates: the greater the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the harder they have to work. Once outdoor temperatures drop below 40 degrees or so, heat pumps are no longer efficient as heaters and you need some kind of auxiliary heating. In very hot climates with low heating needs, air source heat pumps are no more efficient than air conditioners but are more expensive.

The Joys of Geothermal

Fortunately, there’s a great way around these limitations on traditional air source heat pumps. In even the most extreme climate regions, the temperature several feet underground is between 45 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Enter the geothermal heat pump (also called GeoExchange heat pumps and ground source heat pumps). These heat pumps circulate a fluid through piping buried in the ground, discharging heat to the ground in summer and pulling it from the ground in winter. The heat pump coils are in contact with this fluid rather than the outside air as in a standard heat pump, thereby avoiding the huge temperature swings of our atmosphere. Geothermal heat pumps can be incredibly efficient, delivering from 3-6x the amount of energy used to power the pump’s compressor and fans/pumps.

There are several options for installing a ground source heat pump. The choice of which one makes sense in your area involves many factors, such as how much land you have available, what the underground conditions are like, and the skill / experience of installers in your area. As you scan these options you might think “wow, these must be expensive!”, but due to the incredible energy efficiency of these systems payback periods can often be less than five years.

 

 

from:lowimpactliving

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• 1. High efficiency with R410Arefrigerant,Japanese brand compressor and optimized design.
• 2. Intelligent design for easy maintenance of whole unit and replacing filter.
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• 5. Wide angle of air flow, Auto swing assure the comfortable feeling.
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Floor Fan Coil

Heating(W)	Air Flow Volume	Water Flow Volume(L/H)	Rating Power Input (W)	RATING CURRENT INPUT(A)	Water Pressure Drop(KPA)	Inlet Outlet Water Pipe Diameter	Noise DB(A)	Net Weight/ Gross Weight(KG)	Dimension(mm)	Panel net weight(kg)	Front Panel Dimen-sion(mm)	Front Panel packing size(mm)	Installation Size
6500	850	860	65	0.32	18	zg 3/4" (inner)	45	23/28	590*590 *260	2.2	650*650 *30	720*720 *135	610*415
9500	1200	1220	120	0.54	25		48	30/35	840*840 *240	7	950*950 *45	1005*1005 *100	720*790
15500	2000	1920	190	0.56	44		50	35/40	840*840 *285	7	950*950 *45	1005*1005 *100

 

 

from:china-heat-pump

A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and fan. It is part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Typically a fan coil unit is not connected to ductwork, and is used to control the temperature in the space where it is installed, or serve multiple spaces. It is controlled either by a manual on/off switch or by thermostat.

Due to their simplicity, fan coil units are more economic to install than ducted or central heating systems with air handling units. However, they can be noisy because the fan is within the same space. Unit configurations are numerous including horizontal (ceiling mounted) or vertical (floor mounted).

A fan coil unit may be concealed or exposed within the room or area that it serves.

An exposed fan coil unit may be wall mounted, freestanding or ceiling mounted, and will typically include an appropriate enclosure to protect and conceal the floor fan coil itself, with return air grille and supply air diffuser set into that enclosure to distibute the air.

A concealed fan coil unit will typically be installed within an accesible ceiling void or services zone. The return air grille and supply air diffuser, typically set flush into the ceiling, will be ducted to and from the fan coil unit and thus allows a great degree of flexibility for locating the grilles to suit the ceiling layout and/or the partition layout within a space. It is quite common for the return air not to be ducted and to use the ceiling void as a return air plenum.

The coil receives hot or cold water from a central plant, and removes or adds heat from the air through heat transfer. Traditionally fan coil units can contain their own internal thermostat, or can be wired to operate with a remote thermostat. However, and as is common in most modern buildings with a Building Energy Management System (BEMS), the control of the ducted fan coil unit will be by a local digital controller or outstation (along with associated room temperature sensor and control valve actuators) linked to the BEMS via a communication network, and therefore adjustable and controllable from a central point, such as a supervisors head end computer.

Fan coil units circulate hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The unit gets its hot or cold water from a central plant, or mechanical room containing equipment for removing heat from the central building's closed-loop. The equipment used can consist of machines used to remove heat such as a chiller or a cooling tower and equipment for adding heat to the building's water such as a boiler or a commercial water heater.

Fan coil units are divided into two types: Two pipe fan coil units or Four pipe fan coil units . Two pipe fan coil units have one supply and one return pipe. The supply pipe supplies either cold or hot water to the unit depending on the time of year. Four pipe fan coil units have two supply pipes and two return pipes. This allows either hot or cold water to enter the unit at any given time. Since it is often necesary to heat and cool different areas of a building at the same time, due to differneces in internal heat loss or heat gains, the four pipe fan coil unit is most commonly used.

Fan coil units may be connected to piping networks using various topology designs, such as "direct return", "reverse return", or "series decoupled". See ASHRAE Handbook "2008 Systems & Equipment", Chapter 12.

Depending upon the selected operating conditions, it is very likely that the cooling coil will be designed to de-humidify the entering air stream, and as a by product of this process, it will at times produce a condensate which will need to be carried to drain. The floor fan coil will contain a purpose designed drip tray with drain connection for this purpose. The simplest means to drain the condensate from multiple fan coil units will be by a network of pipework laid to falls to a suitable point. Alternatively a condensate pump may be employed where space for such gravity pipework is limited.

Speed control of the fan motors within a fan coil unit is effectively used to control the heating and cooling output desired from the unit. This is normally acheived by manually adjusting the tappings on an AC transformer supplying the power to the fan motor. Typically this is adjusted at the commissioning stage of the building construction process and is therefore set for life. However alternative means of external speed control by electronic means through the BEMS can be provided if so required. Fan motors are typically AC type motors but more recently DC motors have been made available by some manufacturers, and can potentially offer significant energy savings.

Duct fan coils are typically used in spaces where economic installations are preferred such as unoccupied storage rooms, corridors, loading docks.

In high-rise buildings, fan coils may be stacked, located one above the other from floor to floor and all interconnected by the same piping loop.

Fan coil units are an excellent delivery mechanism for hydronic chiller boiler systems in large residential and light commercial applications. In these applications the fan coil units are mounted in bathroom ceilings and can be used to provide unlimited comfort zones - with the ability to turn off unused areas of the structure to save energy.

In high-rise residential construction, typically each fan coil unit requires a rectangular through-penetration in the concrete slab on top of which it sits. Usually, there are either 2 or 4 pipes made of ABS, steel or copper that go through the floor. The pipes are usually insulated with refrigeration insulation, such as acrylonitrile butadiene/polyvinyl chloride (AB/PVC) flexible foam (Rubatex or Armaflex brands) on all pipes or at least the cool lines.

A unit ventilator is a fan coil unit that is used mainly in classrooms, hotels, apartments and condominium applications. A unit ventilator can be a wall mounted or ceiling hung cabinet, and is designed to use a fan to blow air across a coil, thus conditioning the space which it is serving.

 

 

from:wiki