Solar Panel

Aug 2, 2010 at 05:00 o\clock

Common Materials Used to Make Blue Sunglasses

by: solarpanel   Keywords: titanium, metal

Every summer, people will pay more attention to sunglasses due to different reasons, like vision correction, fashion, vision protection, etc. And facts have also proved that sunglasses now become essential accessories for many people. Such as, blue sunglasses are very popular among people of different age groups, different places, etc. However, they pay little attention to the materials used in these sun eye wears, though they know which ones are stylish and trendy. Here is a simple introduction about the materials employed in making blue sun glasses, hoping it can help people a lot in choosing their beloved blue sun glasses. Generally, blue sunglasses are mainly composed of two parts- lenses and frames, or in some other cases, nose pads are also included. Lenses and frames are usually made from different materials. Glass- the earliest material used to make sunglasses lenses. Glass is very traditional materials, but is still very popular among some wearers. It has many merits, like great optical acuity, relatively cheap, etc. On the contrary, it is fragile and broken easily, heavy to wear, etc. But some new glass in the industry has maintained its merits and overcome the aforesaid defects. Polycarbonate is now one of the most popular materials employed to make blue sunglass lenses. Traditional lenses are very fragile or can not stand very strong explosive. And polycarbonate lenses are totally different- they can combat very fierce shatters and are first choices for many sportsmen. Metal is the most traditional materials used to make blue sunglass frames. According to some data, the earliest real sunglasses are made from titanium metal  frames. Metal frames are very hard and can help firmly fix the sunglasses onto the wearers’ heads. But metal will be out of shape if not handled properly. Or even some people are sensitive to metal frames- but some special coating on them can help solve this problem. Now, some memory metal is very popular and can help avoid its original demerits. titanium metal is one of the latest materials used to make blue sun glasses frames. It has the merits of both plastic and metal- lightweight and strong. And now there are still memory titanium- a much advanced material than common titanium metal . Plastic is one of the most popular materials both for blue sunglass lenses and frames. Plastic sunglasses did not come into being until the early years of last century. It is a new time when plastic was widely used in glasses field. Some lenses and frames are mainly made from plastic. The plastic lenses are lightweight, shatter-resistant and can bring wearers great comfort. But they are scratched easily and require highly on temporary, humidity and other factors. Plastic frames are also lightweight and but will break easily. Later, the development technology has promoted the coming of memory plastic for frames. Those latest materials can rebound their previous forms after bending. Of course, there are still many other titanium metal  used to manufacture blue sunglasses. Any one who wants to know more about more materials is suggested to visit some authority website, like firmoo.com, etc.

Jul 30, 2010 at 08:40 o\clock

Young's modulus of a silicon wafer

by: solarpanel   Keywords: silicon, wafer

The expression that “higher in rigidity than a silicon wafer” means that it is less likely to be deformed by shearing force as compared with the silicon wafer. In other words, Young's modulus of the Monocrystalline wafer after reinforcement by a reinforcement member is higher than that of the silicon wafer before reinforcement (100 GPa or more but lower than 120 GPa).

Young's modulus of a silicon wafer after reinforcement is preferably from 120 to 1000 GPa. Where Young's modulus is less than 120 GPa, there is found no great difference in the amount of deflection as compared with silicon wafers which are not subjected to the treatment of the present invention. Further, where Young's modulus is in excess of 1000 GPa, the amount of deflection will hardly vary. Young's modulus of the silicon wafer after reinforcement is preferably from 120 to 500 GPa. Where Young's modulus is within the above range, the wafer carrying and wafer production processes under the same conditions as those of conventional wafers can be applied.

“A material different from silicon” may include silicon carbide (SiC), silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx) and poly silicon (poly Si).

The reinforcement member is preferably a material which is higher in rigidity than the silicon wafer in terms of comparison of Young's modulus by using a same-sized specimen of the silicon wafer and that of a material. However, such a material may be acceptable that is equal to or lower than the silicon wafer in rigidity.

The reinforcement member may be installed all over the back face of the silicon wafer so as not to be separated or may be installed only partially on the back face of the silicon wafer so as not to be separated. Where the reinforcement member is installed partially on the back face of the wafer, it is preferable that the reinforcement member is laid across the both ends of the back face of the silicon wafer manufacturer because the silicon wafer is increased in rigidity as compared with a case where it is not laid across as described above.

 

source:news chinasun-solar

Jul 27, 2010 at 09:14 o\clock

World's First Bionic Cat

by: solarpanel   Keywords: titanium, metal

Nine months ago he was fighting for his life after an horrific accident cost him both his back paws. Now Oscar is a bionic cat after pioneering surgery to give him prosthetic back paws. The two year-old moggie is understood to be the first in the world to have the operation to attach new feet.  Oscar was operated on by groundbreaking veterinary surgeon Noel Fitzpatrick.Oscar, the cat with a pair of prosthetic paws, courtesy of neuro-orthopaedic surgeon Noel Fitzpatrick Healing with prosthetics, titanium metal and other metals – he sounds like the stuff of science fiction.But actually he is the modern answer to All Creatures Great and Small and now he – and Oscar – are set to be the stars of new BBC show The Bionic Vet. The series follows Fitzpatrick, 40, as he tries to save animals using cutting edge technology, while Oscar is the star of the first episode. An image of a pre-operation scan of Oscar's leg Viewers will hear how beautiful black cat had his black paws sliced off by a combine harvester after he had gone out to play in fields near his home. Losing blood and barely conscious he was close to death when he was found and owner Michael Nolan was warned to expect the worst.  The bank manager from Jersey said: ‘He was out in the corn fields. He was found by a neighbour. He had no back feet left it was horrific. There was blood everywhere. Bits of his skin were hanging off.’  Both his back paws were severed, and while cats can survive with good quality of life with three legs, they cannot with two.Fitzpatrick devised a way of attaching prosthetic ‘paws’ to Oscar’s ankle in both back paws.‘We will have to put new feet on him or put him to sleep. The procedure has never been done before.’ said the vet.The audience will see how over a three hour operation he drilled holes into the cat’s legs and inserted metal rods into his ankle bones.These cutting edge implants – known as an ITAP and developed by University College London – attaches to the bone at the point of amputation.It sticks out of the skin enabling a prosthetic paws to be attached.These have been specially made with a degree of wobble to enable Oscar to walk, climb and run.The groundbreaking new paws are similar to the style of Paralympic champion Oscar Pistorius’s ‘blade runner’ style prosthesis. But Oscar will now have to be a house cat because the false limbs are not suitable for outdoor life.Noel Fitzpatrick, neuro-orthopaedic surgeon, and kennel assistant Jane Kilner, with Oscar the cat Fitzpatrick admits that he has become a last hope for desperate owners who have run out of options for their beloved pets.The first episode also follows Mayo an eight year old Labrador crippled by arthritis who faces being put down.HOW DOES IT WORK?Professor Gordon Blunn and his team at University College London developed the Intraosteous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP) in 2006. Based on the way deer’s skin and fur moulds around antlers, it is a titanium metal implant which attaches to the bone at the point of amputation so that it sticks out through the skin.  Traditionally attaching metal to skin and bone has left the patient susceptible to infection but the new method enables skin and soft tissue to mesh and grow around the metal rod acting as a protective seal.  This makes the implant more flexible as it acts like part of the bone rather than an attachment. Once healed the prosthetic limbs are simply screwed on to the external bit of the ITAP. In Oscar’s case both his back paws were cut off just below the ankle – as cat’s walk on their toes he needed both replacing otherwise his quality of life would have been so poor he faced being put down. Noel Fitzpatrick used two ITAPs on the animal drilling into his ankle bone on both back paws before sliding in the two metal rods. The three-hour procedure was fraught with difficulty as cat’s ankles bones are narrow and could have fractured under the strain of the drill. Once Oscar had healed he was then able to have his first prosthetic paws attached, which were made of rubber. He has now been given cutting edge ‘blade runner’ style paws made of rubber and metal, which will help him run and climb with greater ease. Four pairs of longer lasting prosthetic paws have had to be made as he wore through his first set in weeks. Fitzpatrick said: ‘Mayo’s foot has completely collapsed. He can’t walk. His foot is hanging off. If we can’t fix this then we will have to put him to sleep.’ His owner Janice Lock added: ‘His normal vet said there was nothing more that he could do for him. This is his last chance.’ Inspired by X-Men character Wolverine who has a metal bonded to his skeleton Fitzpatrick inserted a number of rods into Mayo’s paw to help fuse the bones before constructing him a horseshoe shaped artificial foot made of metal and rubber. Both procedures cost thousands of pounds but most is covered by animal insurance. Fitzpatrick has insisted he is not simply experimenting what can be done on animals and will only operate if he feels the quality of life is improved. He explained he would not perform surgery if it prolonged the animals life but left it in pain. ‘I know where to draw the line. Animals are sentient creatures, with needs and wants. Doing a procedure just because it can be done is not ethical. I’ll only do it if the perceived outcome improves the animal’s quality of life.’ Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans asked Fitzpatrick to help his beloved German Shepherd Enzo who had two herniated discs in his spine, leaving him paralysed and in pain. Fitzpatrick operated two years ago performing a £5,000 procedure on the nine-year-old dog had two bolts inserted in the middle of his spine to fuse two vertebrae.But a year later when Enzo’s condition deteriorated the pair opted to put the dog down rather than put him through anymore surgery. His surgery Fitzpatrick’s Referrals in Surrey is a state of the art facility that would rival many human hospitals. The centre includes a MRI room, and a hydrotherapy pool, and he often works with human doctors. In a recent procedure for a Belgian shepherd, who was given a unique prosthetic paw attached to a titanium metal rod implanted directly into Storm’s fore leg. He worked with a human plastic surgeon to help join the dog’s skin with the metal prosthetic.The operation has been a success and Storm has been so active he has to have his prosthetic replaced after wearing it out.Oscar is fed by the pioneering British surgeon who gave him two false feet Fitzpatrick is also working with Formula One mechanics to get the best material for his fake paws. In a recent interview he insisted the technology could provide benefits for humans in the long term. ‘The technology will act as a model for human amputees in the future, and provide hope for people without feet or hands,’ he said.Fitzpatrick, who tried his hand at acting for a few years, said he first decided he wanted to be a vet after growing up on his family’s farm in Ireland and failed to save a baby lamb.This is simply amazing~ Mummy showed me this video and she was so touched at the point of the cat being able to walk again.  This is not something Mummy or anyone would hope to happen to their love ones but this technology is really amazing~

Jul 20, 2010 at 08:55 o\clock

Titanium Industries Successfully Implements STRATIX, The Metal Industry ERP Software From Invera

by: solarpanel   Keywords: titanium, metal

Titanium Industries, a titanium metal service center, has implemented the metal service center ERP software STRATIX from the metal industry software specialist Invera. The first phase of implementation included all seven locations in the U.S. (Rockaway, NJ, Wood Dale, IL, Brooklyn Heights, OH, Santa Fe Springs, CA, Jacksonville, FL, and Hillsboro, TX, and Tolland, CT). The implementation included sales, purchasing, receiving, inventory management, certification management, multi-step production, delivery and logistics planning, invoicing, and financials. Search for QualityAs titanium metal Industries’ business grew larger, more global, and more complex, they looked to Invera to provide a system that could accommodate their stringent quality and certification requirements, while enabling them to operate efficiently. TI found their solution in STRATIX. After completing their training, titanium metal Industries implemented a full complement of STRATIX ERP metal software features, including Quote and Sales Order Entry, metal price book, water-jet plate cutting pricing, multi-step processing, shop floor production recording, and on-line shipment planning. A seamless integration of native metal industry terminology, functions, and features made STRATIX more user-friendly and easy to deploy with minimum implementation costs and no modifications. Salestitanium metal Industries selected STRATIX to improve the productivity of their sales staff through the use of specialized tools to quote and manage orders more rapidly and effectively. Titanium Industries enter Quotes on STRATIX, which automatically retrieves the metal selling price based on the Metal Price Book, and convert these Quotes into Sales Orders. The benefit of the price book is that the salesperson is provided with pricing guidelines, while the STRATIX Quotation function provides the estimated profitability of the quote. The Quote Entry function also provides stock availability, incoming material availability, sales history, and quantity bracket information, all in one screen, to help the salesperson quickly determine the final price. To take advantage of their large inventory at all locations, sales staff can see the stock availability in any TI warehouse location. This allows the salesperson to source the order from another company location as required. Bob Valerie, Project manager, adds, “A salesperson can easily enter a Sales Order with 20 items, and source the material from 4 different company warehouses. In addition, if that load is consolidated at a single company location before the material is shipped to the customer, STRATIX creates the transfer requirements automatically. This saves a lot of time for the salesperson and makes it easier for us to service our customers.” For repeat business, TI use the STRATIX Customer Part Specification function, which allows a salesperson to enter the Quote or Sales Order using the customer’s part number. TI can pre-define comprehensive item information (such as product, processing, pricing, specs, certification requirements, etc.) and associate it to a Customer Part Number. When sales enter a quote/order item using a Customer’s Part Number, all the information automatically defaults. This allows for consistency, saves times, and reduces the chance of keying errors. TI also use the STRATIX plate cutting functions to meet their increasing water-jet plate cutting business. These functions make it easier and faster to enter quotes and orders as the salesperson can choose from a set of shapes, and STRATIX will calculate the estimated time of processing, cost, and charge for processing, and adjust the final price accordingly. Some of the shapes include rings, ring segments, circles, triangles, trapezes and rectangles. The function eliminates manual calculations and increases the accuracy of the price. Brett Paddock, President and Chief Executive Officer at titanium metal Industries, added, “The STRATIX Order Status Desktop has been a tremendous asset to our business. It shows a clear and comprehensive status of the customer order in a single view. We can see where exactly the material is at each stage of processing, including outside processing, or transport planning and shipping. This is especially helpful since we record all production on the shop floor. Sales staff no longer need to hunt down orders and can respond to customer inquiries rapidly and with confidence.” TI also process orders where titanium metal ingot is processed through multiple steps internally or at an outside processor and can include forging, heat treatment and saw cutting to produce a finished bar product. Bob adds, “For these types of orders, where the processing can take 16 weeks, the Order Status Desktop has been invaluable. At any point during fulfillment, our salesperson knows exactly where we stand with that order.” TI also implemented INVEX/CRM, Invera’s Internet-based, fully integrated STRATIX Customer Relationship Management product. This enables sales managers and sales people to manage customer accounts on-line and offers task and activity management, marketing and sales analysis information which is tied to the live data base. CertificationQuality and Certification are an integral part of titanium metal Industries operations. Meeting customer and industry certification and specifications requirements was a critical objective of implementing STRATIX. To this end, Titanium Industries implemented the STRATIX Metal Standards and Specifications features that enable material to be bought, inventoried, and sold to multiple ‘Metal Standards’ specifications. These Metal Standards represent industry-specific specifications such as ASTM, SAE, MIL, AISI, etc. As material is applied to orders, STRATIX verifies that the material applied meets the single or multiple metal standards requested by the customer. This feature has added another layer of controls to guarantee titanium metal Industries customers are being supplied with exactly what they ordered. To assist Sales in locating stock that meets a customer’s requirements, Sales can search stock that meets a certain Metal Standard specification. In addition, to eliminate manual comparisons of the actual results to the published standard specifications, the actual chemical and mechanical results recorded in STRATIX are automatically validated against each Metal Standard to which a product is certified. This provides an additional quality check. To meet a customer’s need for original mill test certifications, titanium metal Industries implemented STRATIXimage, a mill test certificate scanning and retrieval product that automatically emails or prints a copy of the original mill certificate or other third-party testing certificates at time of shipment. A salesperson can also view the certificate from the stock inquiry to ensure that the material meets the customer’s requirements. Shop Floor OperationsTo further increase productivity, quality and order status information, Titanium Industries implemented the STRATIX shop floor production functions to record production in a real-time manner directly from work stations. Operations include picking, processing steps (such as sawing or water-jet cutting), and inspection steps. The warehouse personnel also record the set-up time, run, and tear-down time for each job. By comparing these results to the estimates computed by STRATIX, TI is able to determine their machine and processing efficiency. Bob Valerie indicated that by recording production and inspection directly on the shop floor, they have ensured a higher level of quality, as STRATIX performs many checks at each stage to ensure the proper material is applied. To complement the shop floor operations, TI are also printing the STRATIX bar coded tags at receiving and production. When combined with the STRATIX WiFi PDA function, the bar codes ensure that material is correctly identified. To improve on-time delivery and load planning, TI implemented the STRATIX on-line Shipping Planning function. This function provides a comprehensive, multi-layer inquiry that summarizes orders by customer, delivery route, or shipping zone for better load consolidation. The shipping department can highlight orders and create a load with a single click. Bob Valerie adds, “This function has really streamlined our shipping process. For each item that must be shipped, we can see if the item is ready for shipment. It has also allowed us to better manage the transfers between our company locations.” Bob Valerie also adds, “Another area we really benefited from was how the STRATIX Metal enterprise software handles outside processing. The outside processing steps are fully integrated with the routing of the Sales Order; the creation of the outside processing Purchase Orders and transfer requirements is all automated, and the progression of these types of orders is also shown in the Order Status Desktop for sales.” Implementationtitanium metal Industries was trained by the Invera consulting group who provided the TI Core Team with hands-on experience. Simon Gereige, Senior Consultant at Invera, added, “Titanium saved a lot of time by using the STRATIX metal-specific and process specific end user documentation. TI was able to take the standard documentation we provide, add some additional instructions specific to their company policies, and then provide these to the users for the end user training.” Source:http://www.supplychainmarket.com/article.mvc/Titanium-Industries-Successfully-Implements-0001

Jul 15, 2010 at 08:15 o\clock

Silicon wafers are widely used

by: solarpanel   Keywords: Silicon, wafers

Generally, to fabricate various silicon devices, there has been widely used CZ silicon wafers which is manufactured by pulling up a silicon single crystal ingot from a silicon melt within a quartz crucible by a CZ method.In such a CZ wafer, excessive oxygen atoms eluted from the quartz crucible are interstitially caught in the silicon single crystal ingot, and the higher concentration of such interstitial oxygen atoms leads to, for example, oxygen precipitation from the silicon wafer, deterioration of a gate oxide film in a semiconductor integrated circuit, and an increase of a p-n junction leakage current. As such, upon forming semiconductor integrated circuits on the principal plane of the CZ wafer, there are reduced oxygen precipitations near the surface of the wafer by lowering the oxygen concentration of the silicon wafer supplier .

To this end, in the first aspect of the present invention, a silicon wafer is free of vacancy agglomerates and interstitial agglomerates, wherein the silicon wafer has a defect density of an oxide film of 0.1 piece/cm  2  or less, when the oxide film having a thickness of 5 to 25 nm is formed on the surface of the wafer and a DC voltage of 10 MV/cm is applied via the oxide film for 100 seconds, and wherein the silicon wafer manufacturer has an in-plane dispersion of 20% or less of a p-n junction leakage current in a p-n junction area of 1 mm  2  or more of a p-n junction portion when the p-n junction portions are formed on the surface of the wafer.

 

source:news chinasun-solar