Electric double-layer capacitor History
The electric double-layer capacitor effect was first noticed in 1957 by General Electric engineers experimenting with devices using porous carbon electrode.[6] It was believed that the energy was stored in the carbon pores and it exhibited "exceptionally high capacitance", although the mechanism was unknown at that time.
General Electric did not immediately follow up on this work, and it was Standard Oil of Ohio that eventually developed the modern version of the devices in 1966 after accidentally re-discovering the effect while working on experimental fuel cell designs.[4] Their cell design used two layers of activated charcoal separated by a thin porous insulator, and this basic mechanical design remains the basis of most electric double-layer capacitors to this day.
Standard Oil also failed to commercialize their invention, licensing the technology to NEC, who finally marketed the results as ??upercapacitors??in 1978, to provide backup power for maintaining computer memory.[4] The market expanded slowly for a time, but starting around the mid-1990s various advances in materials science and simple development of the existing systems led to rapidly improving performance and an equally rapid reduction in cost. In 2005, the ultracapacitor market was between US $272 million and $400 million, depending on the source. It is rapidly growing, especially in the automotive sector.[4]
Recently [7], all solid state micrometer-scale electric double-layer capacitors based on advanced superionic conductors had been recognized as critical electron component of future sub-voltage and deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics and related technologies (22 nm technological node of CMOS and beyond).
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